High-field experiments are very sensitive to the exact value of the peak intensity of an optical pulse due to the nonlinearity of the underlying processes.Therefore,precise knowledge of the pulse intensity,which is ma...High-field experiments are very sensitive to the exact value of the peak intensity of an optical pulse due to the nonlinearity of the underlying processes.Therefore,precise knowledge of the pulse intensity,which is mainly limited by the accuracy of the temporal characterization,is a key prerequisite for the correct interpretation of experimental data.While the detection of energy and spatial profile is well established,the unambiguous temporal characterization of intense optical pulses,another important parameter required for intensity evaluation,remains a challenge,especially at relativistic intensities and a few-cycle pulse duration.Here,we report on the progress in the temporal characterization of intense laser pulses and present the relativistic surface second harmonic generation dispersion scan(RSSHG-D-scan)—a new approach allowing direct on-target temporal characterization of high-energy,few-cycle optical pulses at relativistic intensity.展开更多
A novel adaptive approach to compute the eigenenergies and eigenfunctions of the two-particle(electron-hole)Schrodinger equation including Coulomb attraction is presented.As an example,we analyze the energetically low...A novel adaptive approach to compute the eigenenergies and eigenfunctions of the two-particle(electron-hole)Schrodinger equation including Coulomb attraction is presented.As an example,we analyze the energetically lowest exciton state of a thin one-dimensional semiconductor quantum wire in the presence of disorder which arises from the non-smooth interface between the wire and surrounding material.The eigenvalues of the corresponding Schrodinger equation,i.e.,the onedimensional exciton Wannier equation with disorder,correspond to the energies of excitons in the quantum wire.The wavefunctions,in turn,provide information on the optical properties of the wire.We reformulate the problem of two interacting particles that both can move in one dimension as a stationary eigenvalue problem with two spacial dimensions in an appropriate weak form whose bilinear form is arranged to be symmetric,continuous,and coercive.The disorder of the wire is modelled by adding a potential in the Hamiltonian which is generated by normally distributed random numbers.The numerical solution of this problem is based on adaptive wavelets.Our scheme allows for a convergence proof of the resulting scheme together with complexity estimates.Numerical examples demonstrate the behavior of the smallest eigenvalue,the ground state energies of the exciton,together with the eigenstates depending on the strength and spatial correlation of disorder.展开更多
Is it possible that a measurement of a spin component of a spin-1/2 particle yields the value 100?In 1988 Aharonov,Albert and Vaidman argued that upon pre-and postselection of particular spin states,weakening the coup...Is it possible that a measurement of a spin component of a spin-1/2 particle yields the value 100?In 1988 Aharonov,Albert and Vaidman argued that upon pre-and postselection of particular spin states,weakening the coupling of a standard measurement procedure ensures this paradoxical result1.This theoretical prediction,called weak value,was realised in numerous experiments2-9,but its meaning remains very controversialsince its"anomalous"nature,i.e.z the possibility to exceed the eigenvalue spectrum,as well as its"quantumness"are debated20-22.We address these questions by presenting the first experiment measuring anomalous weak values with just a single click,without the need for statistical averaging.The measurement uncertainty is significantly smaller than the gap between the measured weak value and the nearest eigenvalue.Beyond clarifying the meaning of weak values,demonstrating their non-statistical,single-particle nature,this result represents a breakthrough in understanding the foundations of quantum measurement,showing unprecedented measurement capability for further applications of weak values to quantum photonics.展开更多
Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B±section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections:
Written by R.L. Kelly (LBNL). The most commonly used SU(3) isoscalar factors, corresponding to the singlet, octet, and deeuplet content of 8 8 and 10 8, are shown at the right. The notation uses particle nam...Written by R.L. Kelly (LBNL). The most commonly used SU(3) isoscalar factors, corresponding to the singlet, octet, and deeuplet content of 8 8 and 10 8, are shown at the right. The notation uses particle names to identify the coefficients, so that the pattern of relative couplings may be seen at a glance. We illustrate the use of the coefficients below.展开更多
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the ...The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on: Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http ://pdg. lbl. gov.展开更多
33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such appl...33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such applications will be provided. The detector techniques which are specific to non-accelerator particle physics experiments are the subject of Chap.展开更多
1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on par...1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on particle properties, called the "Particle Listings." These Listings include 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, in addition to the 32,153 measurements from 8,944 papers that first appeared in previous editions [1].展开更多
CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl (LBNL). There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.* Fig. l(a) shows the mass sp...CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl (LBNL). There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.* Fig. l(a) shows the mass spectrum,展开更多
Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers (MSU) and F. Zimmermann (CERN).29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the pr...Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers (MSU) and F. Zimmermann (CERN).29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the product of the cross section of interest,展开更多
基金supported by DFG through the Cluster of Excellence“Munich Center for Advanced Photonics”(MAP)(EXC 158)and TR-18 funding schemesthe Euratom research and training program 2014-2018 under Grant agreement No.633053 within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium“International Max-Planck Research School of Advanced Photon Science”(IMPRS-APS),and the Max-Planck Society.
文摘High-field experiments are very sensitive to the exact value of the peak intensity of an optical pulse due to the nonlinearity of the underlying processes.Therefore,precise knowledge of the pulse intensity,which is mainly limited by the accuracy of the temporal characterization,is a key prerequisite for the correct interpretation of experimental data.While the detection of energy and spatial profile is well established,the unambiguous temporal characterization of intense optical pulses,another important parameter required for intensity evaluation,remains a challenge,especially at relativistic intensities and a few-cycle pulse duration.Here,we report on the progress in the temporal characterization of intense laser pulses and present the relativistic surface second harmonic generation dispersion scan(RSSHG-D-scan)—a new approach allowing direct on-target temporal characterization of high-energy,few-cycle optical pulses at relativistic intensity.
基金supported in part by the Institute for Mathematics and its Applications(IMA)at the University of Minnesota with funds provided by the National Science Foundation(NSF)supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG).
文摘A novel adaptive approach to compute the eigenenergies and eigenfunctions of the two-particle(electron-hole)Schrodinger equation including Coulomb attraction is presented.As an example,we analyze the energetically lowest exciton state of a thin one-dimensional semiconductor quantum wire in the presence of disorder which arises from the non-smooth interface between the wire and surrounding material.The eigenvalues of the corresponding Schrodinger equation,i.e.,the onedimensional exciton Wannier equation with disorder,correspond to the energies of excitons in the quantum wire.The wavefunctions,in turn,provide information on the optical properties of the wire.We reformulate the problem of two interacting particles that both can move in one dimension as a stationary eigenvalue problem with two spacial dimensions in an appropriate weak form whose bilinear form is arranged to be symmetric,continuous,and coercive.The disorder of the wire is modelled by adding a potential in the Hamiltonian which is generated by normally distributed random numbers.The numerical solution of this problem is based on adaptive wavelets.Our scheme allows for a convergence proof of the resulting scheme together with complexity estimates.Numerical examples demonstrate the behavior of the smallest eigenvalue,the ground state energies of the exciton,together with the eigenstates depending on the strength and spatial correlation of disorder.
基金We acknowledge the European Union's Horizon 2020 and the EMPIR Participating States in the context of the projects 17FUN01"BeCOMe"and 17FUN06"SIQUST",the European Union's Horizon 2020 FET-OPEN project grant no.828946"PATHOS"the National Science Foundation--U.S.-lsrael Binational Science Foundation Grant No.735/18.+1 种基金EC was supported by Grant No.FQXi-RFPthe Quantum Science and Technology Program of the Israeli Council of Higher Educatio n,and the Pazy Foundation.
文摘Is it possible that a measurement of a spin component of a spin-1/2 particle yields the value 100?In 1988 Aharonov,Albert and Vaidman argued that upon pre-and postselection of particular spin states,weakening the coupling of a standard measurement procedure ensures this paradoxical result1.This theoretical prediction,called weak value,was realised in numerous experiments2-9,but its meaning remains very controversialsince its"anomalous"nature,i.e.z the possibility to exceed the eigenvalue spectrum,as well as its"quantumness"are debated20-22.We address these questions by presenting the first experiment measuring anomalous weak values with just a single click,without the need for statistical averaging.The measurement uncertainty is significantly smaller than the gap between the measured weak value and the nearest eigenvalue.Beyond clarifying the meaning of weak values,demonstrating their non-statistical,single-particle nature,this result represents a breakthrough in understanding the foundations of quantum measurement,showing unprecedented measurement capability for further applications of weak values to quantum photonics.
文摘Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B±section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections:
文摘Written by R.L. Kelly (LBNL). The most commonly used SU(3) isoscalar factors, corresponding to the singlet, octet, and deeuplet content of 8 8 and 10 8, are shown at the right. The notation uses particle names to identify the coefficients, so that the pattern of relative couplings may be seen at a glance. We illustrate the use of the coefficients below.
基金supported by the Director,Office of Science,Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231the U.S.National Science Foundation under Agreement No.PHY-0652989+3 种基金the European Laboratory for Particle Physics(CERN)an implementing arrangement between the governments of Japan(MEXT:Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology)and the United States(DOE)on cooperative research and developmentthe Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics(INFN)B.C.F.was supported by the U.S.National Science Foundation Grant PHY-1214082
文摘The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on: Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http ://pdg. lbl. gov.
文摘33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such applications will be provided. The detector techniques which are specific to non-accelerator particle physics experiments are the subject of Chap.
基金supported by the Director,Office of Science,Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231by the U.S.National Science Foundation under Agreement No.PHY-0652989+2 种基金by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics(CERN)by an implementing arrangement between the governments of Japan(MEXT:Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports, Science and Technology) and the United States(DOE) on cooperative research and developmentby the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics(INFN)
文摘1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on particle properties, called the "Particle Listings." These Listings include 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, in addition to the 32,153 measurements from 8,944 papers that first appeared in previous editions [1].
文摘CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl (LBNL). There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.* Fig. l(a) shows the mass spectrum,
文摘Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers (MSU) and F. Zimmermann (CERN).29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the product of the cross section of interest,
基金supported by PAPIIT(DGAPA-UNAM) project IN106913 and CONACyT(Mexico) project 151234support by the Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics(MITP) where part of this work was completed.A.F.is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant no. PHY-1212635
文摘Revised November 2013 by J. Erler (U. Mexico) and A. Freit&s (Pittsburgh U.).10.1 Introduction 10.2 Renormalization and radiative corrections