Plant-herbivore assemblages under natural conditions are driven by plant size,not chemical defenses

Aims Plant secondary metabolites have been traditionally recognized as key traits regulating plant-herbivore assemblages.However,the ecological relevance of secondary metabolites as resistance mecha-nisms in comparison to other plant attributes,including physical,morphological or ecological traits,has been recently questioned.We aim to evaluate the role of chemical defenses,plant size and the presence of insect competitors on driving the differences in her-bivory damage under natural conditions.Methods We performed a replicated field study on the herbivore commu-nity associated with four Senecio species(S.lividus,S.vulgaris,S.inaequidens and S.pterophorus)during a full-reproductive season in Montseny Natural Park(catalonia,NE Spain).Pyrrolizidine alka-loids(PAs),the most characteristic chemical defenses of Senecio due to their toxic effects on herbivores,were analyzed by gas chro-matography.Individual plant size was estimated by the number of flower heads produced over the entire reproductive season.We used linear mixed models to explore the relationships between total PA concentrations,plant size and herbivory levels.Important Findings PA concentrations were not related to the natural guild of herbivores within any plant species or insect type.Moreover,no significant interactions were found between insect species sharing the same host plants.In contrast,herbivore abundance was positively related to plant size in S.vulgaris,S.lividus and S.inaequidens.We found no evidence that PAs confer an increased plant resistance against herbivores in Senecio.Our study supports the hypothesis that plant chemical defenses have a secondary role in determining plant-her-bivore assemblages in comparison to other plant traits under the complexity of natural conditions.