1.Peculiarity of the BRICS emerging economies Since the late 1980s,accelerated globalization has provided economic growth opportunities in mature and emerging economies.The rapidly developing nations of Brazil,Russia,...1.Peculiarity of the BRICS emerging economies Since the late 1980s,accelerated globalization has provided economic growth opportunities in mature and emerging economies.The rapidly developing nations of Brazil,Russia,India,China,and South Africa(BRICS nations)have a combined economic output that makes BRICS countries the world's major emerging economies.展开更多
Background:Marginal changes in the execution of competitive sports movements can represent a significant change for performance success.However,such differences may emerge only at certain execution intensities and are...Background:Marginal changes in the execution of competitive sports movements can represent a significant change for performance success.However,such differences may emerge only at certain execution intensities and are not easily detectable through conventional biomechanical techniques.This study aimed to investigate if and how competition standard and progression speed affect race walking kinematics from both a conventional and a coordination variability perspective.Methods:Fifteen experienced athletes divided into three groups(elite,international,and national) were studied while race walking on a treadmill at two different speeds(12.0 and 15.5 km/h).Basic gait parameters,the angular displacement of the pelvis and lower limbs,and the variability in continuous relative phase between six different joint couplings were analyzed.Results:Most of the spatio-temporal,kinematic,and coordination variability measures proved sensitive to the change in speed.Conversely,non-linear dynamics measures highlighted differences between athletes of different competition standard when conventional analytical tools were not able to discriminate between different skill levels.Continuous relative phase variability was higher for national level athletes than international and elite in two couplings(pelvis obliquity—hip flex/extension and pelvis rotation—ankle dorsi/plantarflexion) and gait phases(early stance for the first coupling,propulsive phase for the second) that are deemed fundamental for correct technique and performance.Conclusion:Measures of coordination variability showed to be a more sensitive tool for the fine detection of skill-dependent factors in competitive race walking,and showed good potential for being integrated in the assessment and monitoring of sports motor abilities.展开更多
The often cited phrase 'breakfast is the most important meal of the day' may have been largely anecdotal and lacking empirical evidence originally,particularly where children and adolescents(young people) are ...The often cited phrase 'breakfast is the most important meal of the day' may have been largely anecdotal and lacking empirical evidence originally,particularly where children and adolescents(young people) are concerned.However,there is now a large body of evidence demonstrating that regular breakfast consumption is associated with a variety of nutritional and lifestyle-related health outcomes in large diverse samples of young people,which may prevent weight gain,nutrient deficiency and reduce risk factors for chronic disease.This evidence has been reviewed previously,but the link between breakfast composition and health has received less attention.There is emerging evidence in young people that suggests certain breakfasts are particularly beneficial for health,with much of this evidence focusing on ready-to-eat cereals and breakfast glycaemic index(GI).Substituting a high GI(HGI) breakfast for a low GI(LGI) breakfast may be particularly beneficial for overweight young people through increased glycaemic control and satiety.Thus,the purpose of this paper is to extend previous reviews on breakfast consumption and health to provide a greater understanding of the role of breakfast composition,particularly breakfast GI.Unlike the evidence on breakfast consumption,which has often been based on large cross-sectional studies,the evidence on breakfast GI is based primarily on controlled experimental studies,often with relatively small samples.At times,it was necessary to refer to the adult-based literature in this review to support findings from young people or to highlight areas that are particularly lacking in empirical evidence in this population.Since breakfast consumption has declined in young people and also decreases from childhood to adolescence,strategies to promote regular consumption of a healthy breakfast in young people are warranted.Future research in young people should place greater emphasis on breakfast composition, consider the mechanisms controlling relationships between breakfast consumption and health,and investigate the benefits of habitual consumption of LGI compared with HGI breakfasts.展开更多
Diabetes mellitus,a chronic disease of metabolism,is characterized by a disordered production or cellular utilization of insulin.Diabetic foot disease,which comprises the spectrum of infection,ulceration,and gangrene,...Diabetes mellitus,a chronic disease of metabolism,is characterized by a disordered production or cellular utilization of insulin.Diabetic foot disease,which comprises the spectrum of infection,ulceration,and gangrene,is one of the most severe complications of diabetes and is the most common cause of hospitalization in diabetic patients.The aim of this study is to provide an evidence-based overview of diabetic foot complications.Due to neuropathy,diabetic foot infections can occur in the form of ulcers and minor skin lesions.In patients with diabetic foot ulcers,ischemia and infection are the main causes of non-healing ulcers and amputations.Hyperglycemia compromises the immune system of individuals with diabetes,leading to persistent inflammation and delayed wound healing.In addition,the treatment of diabetic foot infections is challenging due to difficulty in accurate identification of pathogenic microorganisms and the widespread issue of antimicrobial resistance.As a further complicating factor,the warning signs and symptoms of diabetic foot problems can easily be overlooked.Issues associated with diabetic foot complications include peripheral arterial disease and osteomyelitis;accordingly,the risk of these complications in people with diabetes should be assessed annually.Although antimicrobial agents represent the mainstay of treatment for diabetic foot infections,if peripheral arterial disease is present,revascularization should be considered to prevent limb amputation.A multidisciplinary approach to the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of diabetic patients,including those with foot ulcers,is of the utmost importance to reduce the cost of treatment and avoid major adverse consequences such as amputation.展开更多
Both diabetes and fungal infections contribute significantly to the global disease burden,with increasing trends seen in most developed and developing countries during recent decades.This is reflected in urogenital in...Both diabetes and fungal infections contribute significantly to the global disease burden,with increasing trends seen in most developed and developing countries during recent decades.This is reflected in urogenital infections caused by Candida species that are becoming ever more pervasive in diabetic patients,particularly those that present with unsatisfactory glycemic control.In addition,a relatively new group of anti-hyperglycemic drugs,known as sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors,has been linked with an increased risk for colonization of the urogenital region with Candida spp.,which can subsequently lead to an infectious process.In this review paper,we have highlighted notable virulence factors of Candida species(with an emphasis on Candida albicans)and shown how the interplay of many pathophysiological factors can give rise to vulvovaginal candidiasis,potentially complicated with recurrences and dire pregnancy outcomes.We have also addressed an increased risk of candiduria and urinary tract infections caused by species of Candida in females and males with diabetes,further highlighting possible complications such as emphysematous cystitis as well as the risk for the development of balanitis and balanoposthitis in(primarily uncircumcised)males.With a steadily increasing global burden of diabetes,urogenital mycotic infections will undoubtedly become more prevalent in the future;hence,there is a need for an evidence-based approach from both clinical and public health perspectives.展开更多
Background:One-hour postprandial hyperglycemia is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Physical activity(PA)has short-term beneficial effects on post-meal glucose response.This ...Background:One-hour postprandial hyperglycemia is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Physical activity(PA)has short-term beneficial effects on post-meal glucose response.This study compared the oral glucose tolerance test results of 3 groups of people with habitually different levels of PA.Methods:Thirty-one adults without diabetes(age 25.9±6.6 years;body mass index 23.8±3.8 kg/m^2;mean±SD)were recruited and divided into 3 groups based on self-reported PA volume and intensity:low activity<30 min/day of moderate-intensity activity(n=11),moderately active≥30 min/day of moderate-intensity PA(n=10),and very active≥60 min/day of PA at high intensity(n=10).Participants completed an oral glucose tolerance test(50 g glucose)with capillary blood samples obtained at baseline,15 min,30 min,45 min,60 min,90 min,and 120 min post-ingestion.Results:There were no significant differences between groups for age or body fat percentage or glycated hemoglobin(p>0.05).The groups were significantly different in terms of baseline glucose level(p=0.003)and,marginally,for gender(p=0.053)and BMI(p=0.050).There was a statistically significant effect of PA on the 1-h postprandial glucose results(p=0.029),with differences between very active and low activity groups(p=0.008)but not between the moderately active and low activity groups(p=0.360),even when baseline glucose level and gender differences were accounted for.For incremental area under the curve there was no significant effect of activity group once gender and body fat percentage had been accounted for(p=0.401).Those in the low activity group took 15 min longer to reach peak glucose level than those in the very active group(p=0.012).Conclusion:The results suggest that high levels of PA have a beneficial effect on postprandial blood glucose profiles when compared to low and moderate levels of activity.展开更多
Individual differences in biological maturation present challenges for coaches involved with youth soccer players.Youth in the same chronological age group vary in terms of stage of maturity(pre,circum-and post-pubesc...Individual differences in biological maturation present challenges for coaches involved with youth soccer players.Youth in the same chronological age group vary in terms of stage of maturity(pre,circum-and post-pubescent)and rate of growth,but how this affects coaches’evaluations of player performance is unknown.The aim of this study was to compare youth soccer coaches’evaluations of players match performances before,during and post growth spurt in a professional English soccer academy across four seasons.Two hundred and seventy-eight male soccer players in the under-9 to under-16 age-groups had their performances evaluated by their coach on a 4-point Likert scale.For each game,players were categorised by their maturity status estimated using percentage of predicted adult height at the time of observation.A one-way ANCOVA control-ling for the level of opposition and game outcome revealed that coaches’evaluations declined from the pre-to during growth spurt stages,however,this was only significant in the under 12 age-group.Further,coaches’evaluations increased again in the post-growth spurt stage,although only significant in the under 15 age-group.Coaches evaluations of player performance appear to vary in accordance with stage of maturity and rate of growth.Practitioners in youth soccer should understand the extent to which maturity status may adversely impact performance and consider this when making talent selection decisions.展开更多
In order to validate the atmospheric chemistry measurements by MIPAS,SCIAMACHY,and GOMOS onboard the ENVISAT,three flights of the balloon-borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Sounding(MIPAS-B) were carried out i...In order to validate the atmospheric chemistry measurements by MIPAS,SCIAMACHY,and GOMOS onboard the ENVISAT,three flights of the balloon-borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Sounding(MIPAS-B) were carried out in 2002 and 2003 at Aire sur l'Adour(France 44°N,0°E) and Esrange,Kiruna(Sweden 68°N,21°E).The validation campaign activities are summarized in this paper.The MIPAS-B instrument and its data processing procedure as well as the validation approaches are discussed in detail.The satellite and balloon measurements are matched with high coincidence in time and space,allowing a coincident approach to be applied for their comparisons.Further,a trajectory model is used to confirm and enhance the statistical significance of the validation.The validation results show that MIPAS measurements of accuracy for temperature,H2O,O3,HNO3,CH4,N2O,and NO2 are good in the altitude range of 8-39 km(No2,22-39 km).And the precision is good between the altitudes of 15-33 km(No2,22-23 km).However,some exceptions were also found for temperature,H2O,HNO3,and NO2.The SCIAMACHY data of accuracy for O3 and NO2 are within expectations between the altitudes 9-38 km except for O3 in 28-38 km.The GOMOS data about O3 and NO2 are promising according to the preliminary comparison results.展开更多
In a recent article in Nature,Sun et al.1 identify a novel mechanism of how solid tumors prevent immune cell infiltration into cancer tissue by collagen-remodeling.Furthermore,they develop and test a new monoclonal an...In a recent article in Nature,Sun et al.1 identify a novel mechanism of how solid tumors prevent immune cell infiltration into cancer tissue by collagen-remodeling.Furthermore,they develop and test a new monoclonal antibody that may be used as a standalone treatment or allow the optimization of T cell-targeted immunotherapy in the future.展开更多
基金partially funded by Grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of The Republic of Serbia
文摘1.Peculiarity of the BRICS emerging economies Since the late 1980s,accelerated globalization has provided economic growth opportunities in mature and emerging economies.The rapidly developing nations of Brazil,Russia,India,China,and South Africa(BRICS nations)have a combined economic output that makes BRICS countries the world's major emerging economies.
文摘Background:Marginal changes in the execution of competitive sports movements can represent a significant change for performance success.However,such differences may emerge only at certain execution intensities and are not easily detectable through conventional biomechanical techniques.This study aimed to investigate if and how competition standard and progression speed affect race walking kinematics from both a conventional and a coordination variability perspective.Methods:Fifteen experienced athletes divided into three groups(elite,international,and national) were studied while race walking on a treadmill at two different speeds(12.0 and 15.5 km/h).Basic gait parameters,the angular displacement of the pelvis and lower limbs,and the variability in continuous relative phase between six different joint couplings were analyzed.Results:Most of the spatio-temporal,kinematic,and coordination variability measures proved sensitive to the change in speed.Conversely,non-linear dynamics measures highlighted differences between athletes of different competition standard when conventional analytical tools were not able to discriminate between different skill levels.Continuous relative phase variability was higher for national level athletes than international and elite in two couplings(pelvis obliquity—hip flex/extension and pelvis rotation—ankle dorsi/plantarflexion) and gait phases(early stance for the first coupling,propulsive phase for the second) that are deemed fundamental for correct technique and performance.Conclusion:Measures of coordination variability showed to be a more sensitive tool for the fine detection of skill-dependent factors in competitive race walking,and showed good potential for being integrated in the assessment and monitoring of sports motor abilities.
文摘The often cited phrase 'breakfast is the most important meal of the day' may have been largely anecdotal and lacking empirical evidence originally,particularly where children and adolescents(young people) are concerned.However,there is now a large body of evidence demonstrating that regular breakfast consumption is associated with a variety of nutritional and lifestyle-related health outcomes in large diverse samples of young people,which may prevent weight gain,nutrient deficiency and reduce risk factors for chronic disease.This evidence has been reviewed previously,but the link between breakfast composition and health has received less attention.There is emerging evidence in young people that suggests certain breakfasts are particularly beneficial for health,with much of this evidence focusing on ready-to-eat cereals and breakfast glycaemic index(GI).Substituting a high GI(HGI) breakfast for a low GI(LGI) breakfast may be particularly beneficial for overweight young people through increased glycaemic control and satiety.Thus,the purpose of this paper is to extend previous reviews on breakfast consumption and health to provide a greater understanding of the role of breakfast composition,particularly breakfast GI.Unlike the evidence on breakfast consumption,which has often been based on large cross-sectional studies,the evidence on breakfast GI is based primarily on controlled experimental studies,often with relatively small samples.At times,it was necessary to refer to the adult-based literature in this review to support findings from young people or to highlight areas that are particularly lacking in empirical evidence in this population.Since breakfast consumption has declined in young people and also decreases from childhood to adolescence,strategies to promote regular consumption of a healthy breakfast in young people are warranted.Future research in young people should place greater emphasis on breakfast composition, consider the mechanisms controlling relationships between breakfast consumption and health,and investigate the benefits of habitual consumption of LGI compared with HGI breakfasts.
文摘Diabetes mellitus,a chronic disease of metabolism,is characterized by a disordered production or cellular utilization of insulin.Diabetic foot disease,which comprises the spectrum of infection,ulceration,and gangrene,is one of the most severe complications of diabetes and is the most common cause of hospitalization in diabetic patients.The aim of this study is to provide an evidence-based overview of diabetic foot complications.Due to neuropathy,diabetic foot infections can occur in the form of ulcers and minor skin lesions.In patients with diabetic foot ulcers,ischemia and infection are the main causes of non-healing ulcers and amputations.Hyperglycemia compromises the immune system of individuals with diabetes,leading to persistent inflammation and delayed wound healing.In addition,the treatment of diabetic foot infections is challenging due to difficulty in accurate identification of pathogenic microorganisms and the widespread issue of antimicrobial resistance.As a further complicating factor,the warning signs and symptoms of diabetic foot problems can easily be overlooked.Issues associated with diabetic foot complications include peripheral arterial disease and osteomyelitis;accordingly,the risk of these complications in people with diabetes should be assessed annually.Although antimicrobial agents represent the mainstay of treatment for diabetic foot infections,if peripheral arterial disease is present,revascularization should be considered to prevent limb amputation.A multidisciplinary approach to the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of diabetic patients,including those with foot ulcers,is of the utmost importance to reduce the cost of treatment and avoid major adverse consequences such as amputation.
文摘Both diabetes and fungal infections contribute significantly to the global disease burden,with increasing trends seen in most developed and developing countries during recent decades.This is reflected in urogenital infections caused by Candida species that are becoming ever more pervasive in diabetic patients,particularly those that present with unsatisfactory glycemic control.In addition,a relatively new group of anti-hyperglycemic drugs,known as sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors,has been linked with an increased risk for colonization of the urogenital region with Candida spp.,which can subsequently lead to an infectious process.In this review paper,we have highlighted notable virulence factors of Candida species(with an emphasis on Candida albicans)and shown how the interplay of many pathophysiological factors can give rise to vulvovaginal candidiasis,potentially complicated with recurrences and dire pregnancy outcomes.We have also addressed an increased risk of candiduria and urinary tract infections caused by species of Candida in females and males with diabetes,further highlighting possible complications such as emphysematous cystitis as well as the risk for the development of balanitis and balanoposthitis in(primarily uncircumcised)males.With a steadily increasing global burden of diabetes,urogenital mycotic infections will undoubtedly become more prevalent in the future;hence,there is a need for an evidence-based approach from both clinical and public health perspectives.
文摘Background:One-hour postprandial hyperglycemia is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Physical activity(PA)has short-term beneficial effects on post-meal glucose response.This study compared the oral glucose tolerance test results of 3 groups of people with habitually different levels of PA.Methods:Thirty-one adults without diabetes(age 25.9±6.6 years;body mass index 23.8±3.8 kg/m^2;mean±SD)were recruited and divided into 3 groups based on self-reported PA volume and intensity:low activity<30 min/day of moderate-intensity activity(n=11),moderately active≥30 min/day of moderate-intensity PA(n=10),and very active≥60 min/day of PA at high intensity(n=10).Participants completed an oral glucose tolerance test(50 g glucose)with capillary blood samples obtained at baseline,15 min,30 min,45 min,60 min,90 min,and 120 min post-ingestion.Results:There were no significant differences between groups for age or body fat percentage or glycated hemoglobin(p>0.05).The groups were significantly different in terms of baseline glucose level(p=0.003)and,marginally,for gender(p=0.053)and BMI(p=0.050).There was a statistically significant effect of PA on the 1-h postprandial glucose results(p=0.029),with differences between very active and low activity groups(p=0.008)but not between the moderately active and low activity groups(p=0.360),even when baseline glucose level and gender differences were accounted for.For incremental area under the curve there was no significant effect of activity group once gender and body fat percentage had been accounted for(p=0.401).Those in the low activity group took 15 min longer to reach peak glucose level than those in the very active group(p=0.012).Conclusion:The results suggest that high levels of PA have a beneficial effect on postprandial blood glucose profiles when compared to low and moderate levels of activity.
文摘Individual differences in biological maturation present challenges for coaches involved with youth soccer players.Youth in the same chronological age group vary in terms of stage of maturity(pre,circum-and post-pubescent)and rate of growth,but how this affects coaches’evaluations of player performance is unknown.The aim of this study was to compare youth soccer coaches’evaluations of players match performances before,during and post growth spurt in a professional English soccer academy across four seasons.Two hundred and seventy-eight male soccer players in the under-9 to under-16 age-groups had their performances evaluated by their coach on a 4-point Likert scale.For each game,players were categorised by their maturity status estimated using percentage of predicted adult height at the time of observation.A one-way ANCOVA control-ling for the level of opposition and game outcome revealed that coaches’evaluations declined from the pre-to during growth spurt stages,however,this was only significant in the under 12 age-group.Further,coaches’evaluations increased again in the post-growth spurt stage,although only significant in the under 15 age-group.Coaches evaluations of player performance appear to vary in accordance with stage of maturity and rate of growth.Practitioners in youth soccer should understand the extent to which maturity status may adversely impact performance and consider this when making talent selection decisions.
基金support by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR) (Project 50EE0020)support from the International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Project of Henan Provinces (Grant No.104300510068) for publication
文摘In order to validate the atmospheric chemistry measurements by MIPAS,SCIAMACHY,and GOMOS onboard the ENVISAT,three flights of the balloon-borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Sounding(MIPAS-B) were carried out in 2002 and 2003 at Aire sur l'Adour(France 44°N,0°E) and Esrange,Kiruna(Sweden 68°N,21°E).The validation campaign activities are summarized in this paper.The MIPAS-B instrument and its data processing procedure as well as the validation approaches are discussed in detail.The satellite and balloon measurements are matched with high coincidence in time and space,allowing a coincident approach to be applied for their comparisons.Further,a trajectory model is used to confirm and enhance the statistical significance of the validation.The validation results show that MIPAS measurements of accuracy for temperature,H2O,O3,HNO3,CH4,N2O,and NO2 are good in the altitude range of 8-39 km(No2,22-39 km).And the precision is good between the altitudes of 15-33 km(No2,22-23 km).However,some exceptions were also found for temperature,H2O,HNO3,and NO2.The SCIAMACHY data of accuracy for O3 and NO2 are within expectations between the altitudes 9-38 km except for O3 in 28-38 km.The GOMOS data about O3 and NO2 are promising according to the preliminary comparison results.
基金The authors met through the network activity of the RESTORE project which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No.820292.E.K.thanks Human Frontiers Science Program(RGY0065/2017)Volkswagenstiftung(Experiment!No.95664)for funding.We acknowledge support by the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
文摘In a recent article in Nature,Sun et al.1 identify a novel mechanism of how solid tumors prevent immune cell infiltration into cancer tissue by collagen-remodeling.Furthermore,they develop and test a new monoclonal antibody that may be used as a standalone treatment or allow the optimization of T cell-targeted immunotherapy in the future.
