Factors Facilitating and Forcing the Breast-Feeding to Tebessa (East City Algerian)

To estimate the situation of the breast-feeding, we made a survey (investigation) in the wilaya of Tébessa in Algeria. Our sample was chosen at random. He is constituted by 200 mothers and 200 children aged 0 to-24-month. A questionnaire, beforehand established, is subjected to the mothers. Our statistical analysis is based on the test of Chi2 and the calculation of the percentages. It emerges from our work that: the exclusive breast-feeding is practised by 50.50 % of the cases. The breast-feeding is less practised by the salaried women 40.91 %. The practice of the exclusive feeding increases when the academic level of the mother decreases (50.80% vs. 46.15%), the rate of the mixed feeding and the artificial feeding increases when the academic level increases. The circle of acquaintances plays an important role in the choice of the mode of feeding with 53.47% of the cases. The first food given to the Child within first hour which has followed the childbirth: the maternal milk with 66.5% was. The main causes of the stop of the breast-feeding are: the health of the woman, the incapacity of the milk, the resumption of work the aesthetics of the woman and the arien of a new pregnancy. 72.78%, of the mothers have chooses the breast-feeding because it is better for the health of the child. The average duration of the feeding is of (4.68 ± 4.437 months) the day of the survey. A better information of the population about the feeding and a rationalization of the marketing of industrial milk, could help in a better promotion of the breast-feeding.

Anatomical and Adaptation Features of <i>Pistacia atlantica</i>Desf. to Adverse Climate Conditions in Algeria

This work was conducted to assess the anatomical features of Pistacia atlantica Desf. under Mediterranean semi-arid climate conditions. In this study, phytoecological approach was used at different observation scales including the large ecological scale. 11 samples of P. atlantica species were randomly selected in order to study the anatomy of leaves and branches. The results show that leaves have palisade parenchyma occupying almost the entire mesophyll, measuring 100 to 170 μm. While in branches, the only pith occupies 38% followed by the xylem (24%), relative to the rest of the tissue (epidermis, periderm, collenchyma, pericyclic fiber, secretory duct and phloem). The current results suggest that P. atlantica species has xeromorphic anatomical characters, giving it great ecological plasticity in an arid environment. Moreover, this study shows that the human activities are causing local extinction of this rare species in Algeria.

Sizing,optimization,control and energy management of hybrid renewable energy system-A review

To meet fast growing in energy demand,all energy sources have to be exploited.Renewables energies are unlim-ited and clean but the most problem with them is their intermittent aspect.To overcome this problem a mixture of several energy sources is made to obtain what called hybrid renewable energy system.This paper aims at pre-senting and analyzing a deep literature review of the recent paper published in hybrid renewable energy field.This review focuses on four essential categories of hybrid renewable energy system which is sizing(using soft-ware or using traditional methods),optimization(classical,artificial and hybrid methods),control(centralized,distributed and hybrid control)and energy management(technical objective,economic objective and techno-economic objective).Furthermore,this paper compares between different methods used in each category.