Evaluation of Ear and Facial Indices of Ibibio and Efik Female Children of Akwa Ibom and Cross River States, Nigeria

Background: The ear and face are indispensable and distinctive features for hearing and identification. Objectives: This study was designed to generate anthropometric data of the ear and facial indices of females of Efik and Ibibio children in Cross River and Akwa Ibom States, show morphological and aesthetic differences and ethnicity. Methods: A total of 600 female children (300 Efiks and 300 Ibibios) aged 2 to 10 years that met the inclusion criteria were chosen from selected primary schools in Calabar Municipality, Calabar South of Cross River State and from Uyo, Itu of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Standardized measurements of face length, face width, ear length, and ear width were taken with a spreading caliper;the facial (proscopic) and ear (auricular) indices were determined. Results: Efik subjects presented a mean face length of 8.36 ± 0.06 cm, face width of 11.04 ± 0.04 cm, ear length of 4.92 ± 0.02 cm, and ear width of 3.06 ± 0.01 cm. Ibibio subjects had mean values for face length, face width, ear length, and ear width as 8.17 ± 0.05 cm, 10.75 ± 0.05 cm, 4.77 ± 0.03 cm, and 2.94 ± 0.02 cm respectively. The mean facial index and ear index for Efik subjects were 75.68 ± 0.31 and 62.16 ± 0.27 respectively;while the mean facial and ear indices for Ibibio subjects were 74.79 ± 0.36 and 61.80 ± 0.34 respectively. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences in face length, ear length, ear width and facial index, with the Efik subjects having higher values than Ibibio subjects (p Conclusion: The results showed hypereuryproscopic face as the prevalent face type among females of both ethnic groups, therefore can be of importance in sex, ethnic, and racial differentiation, and in clinical practice, aesthetics and forensic medicine.

A New Symmetrodont Mammal with Fur Impressions from the Mesozoic of China

Western Liaoning of northeastern China is world-renowned for the MesozoicJehol biota, especially for yielding many feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds, mammals and fossilangiosperm. This paper describes a complete specimen of a symmetrodont mammal with well-preservedhairs and soft tissue from the basal part of the Yixian Formation in the Sihetun area, Beipiao,western Liaoning. It is significant for understanding the morphology, osteology, phylogeny and lifehabits of Mesozoic symmetrodont mammals.

The First Stegosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of Xinjiang, China

A new stegosaur species, Jiangjunosaurusjunggarensis, gen. et sp. nov., is erected based on a specimen collected from the Upper Jurassic upper section of the Shishugou Formation in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China. It represents the first stegosaur from the Jurassic of Xinjiang and increases the diversity of the dinosaur fauna in the Shishugou Formation. The new genus is characterized by symmetrical and proportionally wide tooth crowns, a sub-rectangular axial neural spine seen in lateral view, and large openings on the lateral surfaces of the cervical centra. A preliminary character analysis suggests that this new taxon is more derived than the Middle Jurassic stegosaur Huayangosaurus but more primitive than most other known stegosaur species.

Single intratesticular injection of blood-serum-derived exosomes can potentially alleviate testopathy following testicular torsion

Background:Testicular torsion(TT)is an acute inflammatory process leading to male infertility.Today,anti-i nflammatory effects of exosomes derived from blood serum are used in various laboratory procedures.In the present study,the anti-i nflammatory effects of blood-serum-derived exosomes in treatment of acute inflammation following TT in mice were evaluated.Materials and Methods:Eighteen male mice were grouped as healthy control,TT,and TT+exosome.TT was induced surgically,and exosomes were extracted from blood serum and administrated by a single intratesticular injection(10 IU).Malondialdehyde(MDA)and Griess assays were used to evaluate the level of oxidative stress.Sperm indices,testosterone(Tes),and apoptotic gene expression(p-53,Bcl2,and Caspase-3)were also assessed.H&E and immunohistochemistry(IHC)stainings were used for histopathological investigations.Data analysis was applied by SPSS(v.19)software.Results:Oxidative stress and apoptotic genes expression were increased significantly(p<0.05)in TT group compared with control.Sperm parameters and Tes were significantly increased,and expression of apoptotic genes was significantly reduced in TT+exosome group(p<0.05).Conclusion:Since the blood-serum-derived exosomes have anti-i nflammatory features,the intratesticular application of blood-serum-derived exosomes can be used clinically in acute phase of orchitis following TT to inhibit testicular inflammation.

Anti-oxidative role of quercetin derived from Allium cepa on aldehyde oxidase(OX-LDL)and hepatocytes apoptosis in streptozotocininduced diabetic rat

Objective:To study the role of Quercetin in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rals.Methods:Wistar male rat(n=40) were allocated into three groups,control group(n=10) and Quercetin(QR) group received 15 mg/kg(IP) QR.(n=10),and diabetic group that received 55 mg/kg(IP)streptozotocin(STZ)(n=20) which was subdivided to two groups of 10;STZ group and treatment group.Treatment group received 55mg/kg(IP) STZ plus 15 nig/kg QR,daily lor 4 weeks,respectively:however,the control group just received an equal volume of distilled water dailv(IP).Diabetes was induced by a single(IP) injection of streptozotocin(55 mg/kg).Animal-were kept in standard condition.Twenty-eight days after inducing diabetic,5 mL blood were collected for TAC,MPA and Ox-LDL levels and liver tissues of rat in whole groups were removed then prepared for apoptosis analysis by Tunel method.Results:Apoptotic cells significantly decreased in group that has received 15 mg/kg(IP) Quercetin(P<0.05) in comparison to experimental groups(P<0.05).Conclusions:Since in our study 15 nig/kg(IP) Quercetin have significantly Preventive ellecl on liver cells damages by reducing number of apoptotic cells in Liver,so it seems that using it can be effective for treatment in diabetic rat.

Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Olea europaea on apoptosis-related genes and oxidative stress in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage

Objective: To evaluate the impact of Olea (O.) europaea extract on markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis of ovarian tissues in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage. Methods: A total of 28 Wistar female rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups, with 7 rats in each group. The sham group received a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision in the midline part of the abdomen which was then sutured with 5-0 nylon thread;the torsion/detorsion group underwent torsion induction for 3 h followed by reperfusion for 10 days;the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea 30 min before detorsion, followed by reperfusion for 10 days;and the O. europaea group only received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea for 10 days. After the treatment period, blood samples were taken;the levels of estrogen, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde were assayed. The histological changes, as well as the rate of apoptosis in ovarian tissues, were also carried out by histomorphometric analysis at day 10 post-procedure. Results: Histological comparisons demonstrated a significant detrimental change in the torsion/detorsion group as compared with other groups. The number of pre-antral and antral follicles and corpus luteum was significantly decreased in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group, while treatment with O. europaea could enhance their numbers (P<0.05). The index of apoptosis and the number of atretic body in the ovarian tissue were significantly higher in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group (P<0.05). The concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, estrogen, and superoxide dismutase as well as the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 were considerably diminished in the torsion/detorsion group while they were elevated in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05) compared with the torsion/detorsion group. The serum malondialdehyde level and the mRNA expression of Bax were markedly increased during ischemia, while treatment with O. europaea significantly diminished the increased concentrations of malondialdehyde and Bax level in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05). Conclusions: O. europaea extract can reduce the degree of tissue damage induced by oxidative stress and apoptosis in the ovary following ovarian ischemia/reperfusion.

New rat to mouse xenograft transplantation of endometrium as a model of human endometriosis

Background:Endometriosis can lead to infertility.Since there is no definitive treat-ment for endometriosis,animal modelling seems necessary to examine the possible treatments.Mouse endometrium cannot be separated for endometriosis induc-tion.In addition,transplantation of uterus into the abdominal viscera to induce endometriosis causes organ damage.In this study,we defined a new model of en-dometriosis leading to separability of endometrium and a safe anatomical region for transplantation.Methods:Forty female mice were allocated to 5 groups:1,sham;2,allograft uterus transplantation of mice to anterior abdominal wall of mice;3,allograft uterus trans-plantation of mice to mesentery of mice;4,xenograft endometrial transplantation of rat to anterior abdominal wall of mice;5,xenograft endometrial transplantation of rat to mesentery of mice.Adult female rats with a previous pregnancy experience were selected and placed in the vicinity of male rats for 2 weeks to induce estrogen secre-tion and increase endometrial thickness.Results:In the 4th group of animals,compared to sham,the peritoneal concentrations of VEGF-A,TNF-α,NO,MDA,and serum levels of CA-125 and IL-37 were increased and total body weight was decreased,while weight and size of endometrial lesions were increased significantly(P<.05).Genes expression of HOXA10 and HOXA11 were decreased significantly(P<.05)in groups 2 and 4 compared to sham.Conclusions:Xenograft transplantation of endometrium from rat to anterior abdomi-nal wall of mice can potentially mimic human endometriosis morphologically,histo-logically,and genetically.

Effects of vitamin C supplementation on leadinduced apoptosis in adult rat hippocampus

BACKGROUND： Lead has caused widespread pollution in the environment due to the numerous industrial applications. One principle target for lead in the human body is the central nervous system However, research has demonstrated that neurotoxic effects of lead can be ameliorated by antioxidant agents, such as vitamin C. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the protective effects of vitamin C supplementation against lead-induced apoptosis in the adult rat hippocampus, as well as changes in pro-apoptotic protein Bax expression. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, animal study was performed at the College of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences from December 2007 to April 2009. MATERIALS： Lead acetate and vitamin C were purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： Thirty male rats were randomly assigned to three groups, with 10 rats in each group： control, lead, and lead ＋ vitamin C. Rats from the lead group received intraperitoneal administration of lead 20 mg/kg per day for 7 days. Rats from the lead ＋ vitamin C group received ascorbic acid 500 mg/kg per day in addition to lead acetate （as per the lead group）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： After 7 days of vitamin C administration, hippocampal cell apoptosis was observed using uranyl acetate and lead citrate stainings, hippocampal Bax protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis, and blood lead levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS： Vitamin C supplementation significantly reduced lead-induced hippocampal cell apoptosis and decreased hippocampal Bax protein expression. However, vitamin C treatment did not significantly decrease blood lead levels. CONCLUSION： Vitamin C significantly decreased Bax expression and reduced lead-induced hippocampal cell apoptosis.

Improvement of Phaseolus vulgaris on breastfeeding in female rats

Objective: To evaluate effect of Phaseolus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) on the breastfeeding in female rats. Methods: This experimental study was done from May 2018 to December 2018 in the Anatomical Department of Medical School in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in Iran. In this study, after one-week adaptation and fertilization by male, 40 female rats within 20 days of pregnancy (on average, every mother had 10 newborns) were equally separated into four groups (animals were administrated after delivery of offspring). Group 1 was control group receiving normal saline interaperitoneally, and groups 2, 3, 4 were treatment groups receiving the dose of 20, 50, 100 mg/kg of P. vulgaris interaperitoneally respectively once a day for 60 days. The prolactin hormone was measured by radio immune assay, number and diameter of alveoli via histological and morphometrical examinations, and receptor prolactin gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Results: P. vulgaris significantly improved alveoli's number and diameter, prolactin hormone and receptor prolactin expression when compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusions: P. vulgaris is helpful to improve the breastfeeding parameters of rats' mammary glands.

Autoimmune hepatitis in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus infection: A case series

Liver injury in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection is more commonly attributed to viral hepatitis or highly active antiretroviral treatment(HAART) toxicity. The severity of liver injury is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The emergence of autoimmune diseases, particularly autoimmune hepatitis(AIH) in the setting of HIV infection, is rare. Previous reports indicate that elevated liver enzymes are a common denominator amongst these patients. We present two patients with HIV infection, on HAART, with virological suppression. Both patients presented with elevated liver enzymes, and following liver biopsies, were diagnosed with AIH. The clinical course of these patients underscore the therapeutic value of corticosteroids, and in some cases, addition of immunosuppression for AIH treatment.

Effects of nitric oxide on reproductive organs and related physiological processes

Nitric oxide(NO),a member of the reactive nitrogen species family,plays a role in several physiologic processes,including vasculogenesis and angiogenesis,growth and puberty,and senescence and apoptosis.NO plays an important role in the production of ovarian steroids,ovulation,and follicular apoptosis.In other words,increased activity of nitric oxide synthase(NOS)leads to an increased amount of NO,which triggers production of prostaglandins and inflammatory cascades which facilitate follicular rupture and atresia.NO concentration elevation inhibits steroid synthesis in luteal and granulosa cells.Since NO is a major paracrine mediator of various biological processes,as well as a key factor in both the reproductive cycle and embryo implantation,oversynthesis of NO in the uterus results in toxicity and inflammation in epithelial cells and immunorejection of implantation.In the male physiological system,NO synthesized by NOS plays a major role in erectile function and androgen secretion,as well as semen parameters,and oocyte junction to the sperm.Furthermore,this supposedly simple molecule is involved in a number of other functions,such as germ cell evolution,connections between sertoli cells and germ cells in the blood-testis barrier,homodynamic contraction,and germ cell apoptosis.Moreover,NO is considered a key factor in male fertility due to its widespread distribution in both normal and diseased testis tissue.The difference of expression level of NOS in normal and pathological states is a probable cause of fertility destructive processes.

Status of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in Iran and related advanced tools: Bioreactors and scaffolds

Because of increased need to tissue and organ transplantation, tissue engineering (TE) researches have significantly increased in recent years in Iran. The present study explored briefly the advances in the TE approaches in Iran. Through comprehensive search, we explored main TE components researches include cell, scaffold, growth factor and bioreactor conducted in Iran. The field of TE and regenerative medicine in Iran dates back to the early part of the 1990 decade and the advent of stem cell researches. During past two decades, Iran was one of leader in stem cell research in Middle East. The next major step in TE was application and fabrication of scaffolds for TE in the early 2000s with focused on engineering bone and nerve tissue. Iranian researchers extensively used natural scaffolds in their studies and hybridized natural polymers and inorganic scaffolds. There are many universities and government research institutes are conducting active research on tissue-engineering technologies. Limitations to TE in Iran include property design and validation of bioreactors. In conclusion, in the last few years, fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine such as stem cell technology and scaffolds have progressed in Iran, but one of the biggest challenges for TE is bioreactors researches.

Synergistic Antitumor Activity of Vitamins C and K3 on Human Bladder Cancer Cell Lines

Exponentially growing cultures of human bladder tumor cells (RT4 and T24) were treated with Vitamin C (VC) alone, Vitamin K3 (VK3) alone, or with a VC:VK3 combination continuously for 5 days or treated with vitamins for 1 h, washed with PBS and then incubated in culture medium for 5 days. Co-administration of the vitamins enhanced the antitumor activity 12- to 24-fold for the RT-4 cells and 6- to 41-fold for the T24 cells. Flow cytometry of RT4 cells exposed to the vitamins revealed a growth arrested population and a population undergoing cell death. Growth arrested cells were blocked near the G0/G1-S-phase interface, while cell death was due to autoschizis. Catalase treatment abrogated both cell cycle arrest and cell death which implicated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in these processes. The H2O2 production resulted in a moderate increase in lipid peroxidation and depletion of cell thiol levels. Analysis of cellular ATP levels revealed a transient increase in ATP production for VC and the VC:VK3 combination, but decreased ATP levels following VK3 treatment. Lipid peroxidation, thiol depletion and ATP modulation occurred at a 17-fold lower concentration in the vitamin combination than with either vitamin alone. These results suggested that the increased cytotoxicity of the vitamin combination was due to redox cycling and increased oxidative stress.

Advances in the management of pectus deformities in children

Pectus excavatum (PE) and pectus carinatum (PC) are relatively common deformities involving the anterior chest wall, occurring in 1:1000 and 1:1500 live births, respectively. While the etiology remains an enigma, the association of pectus deformities with other skeletal abnormalities suggests that connective tissue disease may play a role in their pathogenesis. Clinical features of these deformities vary with severity, as determined by the Haller index and Backer ratio, but frequently include cardiac and respiratory abnormalities. Importantly, there exist profound psychosocial implications for children afflicted with these defofrmities, including but not limited to feelings of embarrassment and maladaptive social behaviors. These debilitating characteristics have prompted the development of novel medical and surgical corrective techniques. The correction of pectus deformities reduces the incidence of physiological complications secondary to chest wall malformation, while simultaneously improving body image and psychosocial development in the affected pediatric population. The Ravitch (open) and Nuss (minimally invasive) procedures remain the most frequently employed methods of pectus deformity repair, with no difference in overall complication rates, though individual complication rates vary with treatment. The Nuss procedure is associated with a higher rate of recurrence due to bar migration, hemothorax, and pneumothorax. Postoperative pain management is markedly more difficult in patients who have undergone Nuss repair. Patients undergoing the Ravitch procedure require less postoperative analgesia, but have longer operation times and a larger surgical scar. The cosmetic results of the Nuss procedure and its minimally invasive nature make it preferable to the Ravitch repair. Newer treatment modalities, including the vacuum bell, magnetic mini-mover procedure (3MP), and dynamic compression bracing (DCB) appear promising, and may ultimately provide effective methods of noninvasive repair. However, these modalities suffer from a lack of extensive published evidence, and the limited number of studies currently published fail to adequately define their long-term effectiveness.

Mixed enzymatic-explant protocol for isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton’s jelly and encapsulation in 3D culture system

We report combination of explants and enzymatic protocol as mixed enzymatic-explant procedure to faster extraction of MSCs from WJ. Umbilical cords (UC) were collected from Imam Khomini Hospital. For explant outgrowth, 6 - 9 pieces of WJ were transferred onto tissue culture flask and waited for attachment. For mixed enzymatic-explant, 1 cm3 pieces WJ were placed in enzymatic cocktail comprising 4 mg/ml Collagenase Type I and 1 mg/ml Hyaluronidase and 0.1% trypsin-EDTA. Then isolated cells were analyzed for surface cell markers such as CD73, CD31. Isolated 1.0 × 106 MSCs/ml were encapsulated in alginate hydrogel. Cells with MSCs phenotype were isolated from mixed enzymatic-explant and explant procedures within 24 - 48 hrs and 7 - 10 days, respectively. Both of procedures were shown to form clumps and colonies with dense centers. Phenotypic changes gradually appeared as round cell in UC pieces into homogeneous spindle-shaped and typical fibroblast-like shape cells. By using flow cytometery MSCs showed positive for CD73, and negative for CD31. the morphology of viable MSCs in the beads did not significantly show a different morphology pattern before and after the bead formation process. These findings are indicated that when mixed enzymatic-explant procedure is performed MSCs can be isolated faster and much higher from WJ. These finding is important in comparing with time consuming explants culture for isolation of MSCs.

Isolation and Characterization of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Differentiation into Pdx-1⁺Cells

Background: Recent studies have focused on generating of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from pluripotent stem cells. Producing of precursor's population with pancreatic endoderm properties is a challenging issue in front of regenerative medicine investigators. Previous studies have shown that during pancrease development in lower portion of foregut, signals from notochord suppress sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression and lead to increase expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx-1) as a marker for pancreatic precursor's cells. Therefore, Shh repression is considered as a critical step in IPCs generation protocols. Objective: Isolation and characterization of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUC-MSCs) is the aim of current study. As well as the role of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) alone and in combination with cyclopamine are investigated in creating cells with Pdx-1 expression ability. Methods: Cells differentiate into definitive endoderm by adding activin A and wnt-3α into RPMI medium supplemented with for 3 days. At the second stage, the cells are washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). One group (group A) is treated with bFGF for 5 days. Second group (group B) is treated with cyclopamine-KADD for 5 days. Third group (group C) is treated with bFGF and cyclopamine-KAAD for 5 days. Forth group (group D) is untreated as control. Result: Our results show that bFGF and cyclopamine in combination induce more expression of Pdx-1 in HUC-MSCs.

Rat hair follicle stem cells differentiate and promote recovery following spinal cord injury

Emerging studies of treating spinal cord injury （SCI） with adult stem cells led us to evaluate the effects of transplantation of hair follicle stem cells in rats with a compression-induced spinal cord lesion. Here, we proposed a hypothesis that rat hair follicle stem cell transplantation can promote the recovery of injured spinal cord. Compression-induced spinal cord injury was induced in Wistar rats in this study. The bulge area of the rat vibdssa follicles was isolated, cultivated and characterized with nestin as a stem cell marker. 5-Bromo-2＇-deoxyuridine （BrdU） labeled bulge stem cells were transplanted into rats with spinal cord injury. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that some of the grafted cells could survive and differentiate into oligodendrocytes （receptor-interacting protein positive cells） and neuronal-like cells （~lll-tubulin positive cells） at 3 weeks after transplantation. In addition, recovery of hind limb locomotor function in spinal cord injury rats at 8 weeks following cell transplantation was assessed using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan （BBB） locomotor rating scale. The results demon- strate that the grafted hair follicle stem cells can survive for a long time period in vivo and differentiate into neuronal- and glial-like cells. These results suggest that hair follicle stem cells can promote the recovery of spinal cord injury.

Stem cell therapy for nerve injury

Peripheral nerve injury has remained a substantial clinical complication with no satisfactory treatment options.Despite the great development in the field ofmicrosurgery,some severe types of neural injuries cannot be treated without causing tension to the injured nerve.Thus current studies have focused on the new approaches for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.Stem cells with the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types have brought a new perspective to this matter.In this review,we will discuss the use of three main sources of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.

Hair follicle stem cells: In vitro and in vivo neural differentiation

Hair follicle stem cells(HFSCs) normally give rise to keratinocytes, sebocytes, and transient amplifying progenitor cells. Along with the capacity to proliferate rapidly, HFSCs provide the basis for establishing a putative source of stem cells for cell therapy. HFSCs are multipotent stem cells originating from the bulge area. The importance of these cells arises from two important characteristics, distinguishing them from all other adult stem cells. First, they are accessible and proliferate for long periods. Second, they are multipotent, possessing the ability to differentiate into mesodermal and ectodermal cell types. In addition to a developmental capacity in vitro, HFSCs display an ability to form differentiated cells in vivo. During the last two decades, numerous studies have led to the development of an appropriate culture condition for producing various cell lineages from HFSCs. Therefore, these stem cells are considered as a novel source for cell therapy of a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders. This review presents the current status of human, rat, and mouse HFSCs from both the cellular and molecular biology and cell therapy perspectives. The first section of this review highlights the importance of HFSCs and in vitro differentiation, while the final section emphasizes the significance of cell differentiation in vivo.

极低频率电磁场对小鼠生育能力及着床前期子宫内膜和输卵管上皮细胞高度的影响(英文)

目的:探讨极低频率电磁场(extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field,ELF-EMF)对小鼠生育力和着床前期子宫与输卵管上皮细胞高度的影响。方法:80只雌性NMRI小鼠随机分为对照组和EMF组。对照组小鼠不接受EMF,EMF组小鼠接受50 Hz、0 .5 mT EMF,每次4 h,每周6次,连续2周。雌小鼠注射孕马血清促性腺激素和人绒毛膜促性腺激素促其排卵,与雄鼠交配。通过观察阴道栓形成确定小鼠妊娠后,冲洗子宫腔获得胚泡,取子宫角和输卵管组织用于光学显微镜检查。结果:EMF组小鼠平均胚泡数比对照组明显减少(P<0 .03)。光学显微镜下观察发现,EMF组小鼠输卵管上皮细胞高度较对照组明显增加,而子宫内膜上皮细胞高度与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论:ELF-EMF可能通过减少胚泡数目,增加输卵管上皮细胞高度而损伤雌性小鼠生育能力。