On the Informational Essence of Emergence and Evolution：An Analysis of the New Dualistic Approach

Information is probably the single most important factor shaping the beginning of twenty-first century social life.Robert Logan,in his book"What is Information",explores certain issues related toinformation on the basis of the connotation of information itself,and puts forward two importanttheories of"extended mind"and "symbolosphere".Based on the strong-emergence theory,Logandepicts the material emergence and non-material emergence,and proposes a neo-dualism view,aweak form of dualism.According to this,different from the biosphere,the evolution andreproduction mechanism in symbolosphere do not follow the rules of genetic inheritance,but themechanisms of memes,belonging to the territory of information study.However,the new dualismfaces the difficulty to correctly explain the ontological position of the symbolosphere,while thephilosophy of information provides a standard solution in its theory of human evolution.

甘肃苏苗塬头地点石制品特征与古环境分析

苏苗塬头地点位于甘肃省平凉市庄浪县东北部,埋藏于章麻河二级阶地的典型马兰黄土中。经剖面清理和地表采集,2002和2004年在该地点共获得石制品2318件,本文以集中分布区出土(2166件)和地表采集(48件)共2214件石制品为主要研究对象。该批石制品以石片、碎片和碎屑为主,有少量石核和工具。剥片技术以砸击法为主,锤击法为辅,鲜见第二步加工。石制品原料主要为来自现代河床或阶地底部砾石层的脉石英。炭屑加速器质谱(AMS 14C)年代测试和多环境代用指标分析显示,苏苗塬头为一处旧石器时代晚期文化地点,人类活动主要发生于气候干冷的末次盛冰期(约距今2.4—1.8万年),反映了古人类较强的环境适应能力。

全新世大暖期对青藏高原东北缘人类活动的影响

结合环境演变资料与考古发现，全新世大暖期暖湿的气候条件，促进了青藏高原东北缘古文化的发展。表现在：随着全新世大暖期暖湿环境的到来，人类活动强度大大增强；细石器文化活动模式发生显著改变，由晚更新世末期一全新世早期的短暂宿营式居住模式演变为相对固定的聚落模式；暖期中较好的水热条件，刺激了仰韶、马家窑文化在本区东部河谷地区的扩张，在暖期的6～4kaBP形成了东部河谷地带马家窑文化，西部高原细石器文化并存的区系格局，两种文化体系在共存中交流，在交流中高原细石器文化掌握了农业种植、使用了陶器，全面推动了高原土著文化进入新石器。

Relationship between climatic conditions and the relative abundance of modern C_3 and C_4 plants in three regions around the North Pacific

Using -24‰ and -14‰ as the endpoints of stable carbon isotopic composition of total organic carbon (δ 13CTOC) of surface soil under pure C3 and C4 vegetation, and surface soil δ 13CTOC data from eastern China, Australia and the Great Plains of North America, we estimate the relative abundance of C3/C4 plants (i.e., the ratio of C3 or C4 biomass to local primary production) in modern vegetation for each region. The relative abundance of modern C3/C4 vegetation from each region is compared to the corresponding climatic parameters (mean annual temperature and precipitation) to explore the relationship between relative C4 abundance and climate. The results indicate that temperature controls the growth of C4 plants. However, even where temperature is high enough for the growth of C4 plants, they will only dominate the landscape when precipitation declines as temperatures increase. Our results are consistent with those of other investigations of the geographic distribution of modern C4 plant species. Therefore, our results provide an important reference for interpretation of past C3/C4 relative abundance records in these three regions.

Archaeological records of Dadiwan in the past 60 ka and the origin of millet agriculture

This paper reports the recent excavation of Unit Dadiwan06 at the Dadiwan site in Qin’an County, Gansu.A 65 ka chronological framework is established for Dadiwan06 on the basis of absolute dating (AMS 14C and OSL), stratigraphy, climate change events and archaeology.Artifact distributions reveal patterns of human behavioral variation and adaptation over the past 60 ka, from primitive hunting and gathering to advanced hunting and gathering, to primitive Neolithic agriculture, and finally to advanced Neolithic agriculture.

The peopling of the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau during the late MIS 3

Reaching the Tibetan Plateau is notoriously challenging due to its high elevations and the surrounding mountain ranges.Considering environmental pressures such as low temperatures and precipitations,patchy resources,and especially hypoxia,continued survival in the region requires both biological and behavioral adaptations.This is probably why for a long time the Plateau was considered among the last regions occupied by human beings.

Assets and tactics in a mating market： Economic models of negotiation offer insights into animal courtship dynamics on the lek

Economists study negotiation as a series of events--partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.--with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depending on the player＇s bargaining power. The context in which these negotiations occur--the market--is critical, since players can adjust their behaviors in response to outside offers. Animals similarly are faced with sequential decisions regarding courtship： who to court, how to approach a potential mate, at what level to display, when to give up, etc. Thus economic models of negotiation in a market provide a framework in which we can view not just the outcome of courtship （assortative mating）, but also the process, where each sex can use tactics to improve their negotiating outcome, using the assets that they have available. Here we propose to use negotiation as a conceptual framework to explore the factors promoting tactical adjustments during sequential stages of courtship in lekking species. Our goal is to discuss the utility of negotiation as a heuristic tool, as well as the promise and peril of co-opting game theoretic models from economics to understand animal interactions. We will provide a brief overview of a few areas where we see promise for using negotiation as a framework to understand animal courtship dynamics： choice of a display territory, tactical partner choice for negotiation, approaching a potential partner and courtship haggling .

Spatiotemporal variation of agricultural patterns in different geomorphologic and climatic environments in the eastern Loess Plateau,north-central China during the late Neolithic and Bronze Ages

Human settlement and agricultural development are closely linked to local geomorphological and climatic environments.However,the variation in agricultural systems in different environmental and prehistoric contexts remains unknown.We report new archaeobotanical and radiocarbon dates from 34 Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in the Hutuo River Valley(HTRV)in north-central China and compare them with updated archaeobotanical studies in the Sushui River Valley(SSRV)and Henan Province(HNP),to explore the similarities and differences of agricultural patterns under different geomorphologic and climatic environments in north-central China.Our results reveal that humans consistently cultivated foxtail and broomcorn millet in the HTRV from the Miaodigou(6000–5700 cal.a BP)to the Shang-Zhou(3600–2256 cal.a BP)period,despite the introduction of wheat and barley into the area around 4000 a BP.Climate conditions and hilly landforms in the HTRV,SSRV and some parts of the HNP led people to develop foxtail and broomcorn millet dry land farming practices between 7000 and 3000 a BP.Alternatively,in other areas of the HNP,the climate conditions and alluvial plains enabled people to develop a mixed agriculture of millets,soybeans,and rice from 7000 to 4000 a BP,with the addition of wheat between 4000 and 3000 a BP.Farmers’different agricultural technologies and interactions with foreign cultures may have also influenced the formation of different agricultural patterns in the three regions between 7000 and 3000 a BP.Population growth during 7000–3000 a BP can explain the overall propensity of the higher-yield foxtail millet rather than broomcorn millet as the main cultivated crop.In the HTRV,however,higher proportions of broomcorn millet(as compared to the SSRV and HNP),may reflect the greater drought and heat tolerance of broomcorn millet,representing an adaptive agricultural strategy in the river valley.

Genetic differentiation between and within Northern Native American language groups:an argument for the expansion of the Native American CODIS database

The National Research Council recommends that genetic differentiation among subgroups of ethnic samples be lower than 3%of the total genetic differentiation within the ethnic sample to be used for estimating reliable random match probabilities for forensic use.Native American samples in the United States’Combined DNA Index System(CODIS)database represent four language families:Algonquian,Na-Dene,Eskimo-Aleut,and Salishan.However,a minimum of 27 Native American language families exists in the US,not including language isolates.Our goal was to ascertain whether genetic differences are correlated with language groupings and,if so,whether additional language families would provide a more accurate representation of current genetic diversity among tribal populations.The 21 short tandem repeat(STR)loci included in the Globalfiler^(■)PCR Amplification Kit were used to characterize six indigenous language families,including three of the four represented in the CODIS database(i.e.Algonquian,Na-Dene,and Eskimo-Aleut),and two language isolates(Miwok and Seri)using major population genetic diversity metrics such as F statistics and Bayesian clustering analysis of genotype frequencies.Most of the genetic variation(97%)was found to be within language families instead of among them(3%).In contrast,when only the three of the four language families represented in both the CODIS database and the present study were considered,4%of the genetic variation occurred among the language groups.Bayesian clustering resulted in a maximum posterior probability indicating three genetically distinct groups among the eight language families and isolates:(1)Eskimo,(2)Seri,and(3)all other language groups and isolates,thus confirming genetic subdivision among subgroups of the CODIS Native American database.This genetic structure indicates the need for an increased number of Native American populations based on language affiliation in the CODIS database as well as more robust sample sets for those language families.

环北太平洋地区现代植被中C3/C4植物相对丰度与气候条件关系研究

按照一个统一的方法,即以?24‰和?14‰作为纯C3和纯C4植被下表土总有机质碳同位素组成(δ13CTOC)的端元值,利用来自环北太平洋地区的中国东部、澳大利亚以及北美大平原地区的表土δ13CTOC数据,估算了这3个区域现代植被中C3和C4植物的相对生物量贡献比例,并和这3个区域相应的主要气候因素(年均温和年降水量)进行了对比,进而探讨了现代植被中C3/C4植物相对丰度与气候条件之间的关系.结果表明,温度条件对C4植物生物量贡献具有决定性影响;然而,即使温度条件满足C4植物生长的需要,随着温度的进一步上升,降水量应相应的下降,C4植物方能保持其优势地位.这一结果与对现代C4植物种属地理分布调查获得的结论基本是一致的.从而,这一结果为上述区域过去地质历史时期C3/C4植物相对丰度变化记录的古环境解译提供了重要的参考资料.

甘肃大地湾遗址距今6万年来的考古记录与旱作农业起源

报道了中国北方早期旱作农业起源地之一的甘肃秦安大地湾遗址Dadiwan06探方的最新发掘成果,根据黄土-古土壤序列、绝对测年(AMS 14C和光释光测年)、气候事件年龄和考古分析,为Dadiwan06探方的地层沉积建立了6.5万年的年代框架.考古材料分析显示,Dadiwan06探方完整记录了石英打制技术制品、细石器技术制品、大地湾一期文化以及仰韶文化陶器制品等分别代表中国北方原始采集狩猎经济、先进采集狩猎经济、早期栽培经济与成熟农业经济的4个不同发展阶段,反映了大地湾遗址距今6.0万年以来由采集狩猎经济逐步向农业经济过渡的持续人类活动历史。

中国中北部地区黄土高原东部新石器晚期-青铜时代不同地貌单元农业发展模式的时空变化

古人类居住环境和农业发展与当地的地貌环境与气候环境密切相关.然而,不同地貌环境和气候背景下的史前农业发展时空模式依然不清楚.文章通过对山西省滹沱河流域34个新石器晚期-青铜时代的遗址进行植物考古研究和碳十四年代分析,同时对比山西省涑水河流域及河南省地区已发表的植物考古结果,探讨了中国中北部地区不同地貌和气候环境下农业发展模式的异同.结果显示,虽然小麦和大麦在4000a BP前后已传入滹沱河流域,但先民在庙底沟文化(6500~5700cal.a BP)至商周时期(3600~2256cal.a BP)的农业模式一直是以种植粟黍为主的北方旱作农业.滹沱河流域、涑水河流域以及河南省一些地区的气候和浅山丘陵地貌条件仅能支持先民在7000~3000a BP期间发展以种植粟黍为主的北方旱作农业.然而,河南省一些其他地区的气候和冲积平原地貌条件却能够促使先民在7000~4000a BP期间发展以种植粟、黍、水稻和大豆为主的混合农业,在4000~3000a BP期间小麦作物也成为其中之一.三个地区先民不同的农业技术创新和对外来文化的接纳程度可能也是三个地区形成不同农业发展模式的原因.7000~3000a BP期间人口爆炸式增长可能是三个地区先民主要种植高产的粟作物而不是低产的黍作物的原因.然而,滹沱河流域炭化黍出土比例较高(相对涑水河流域和河南省地区)反映了其良好的抗旱性,代表了河谷地貌的一种农业适应模式.

公元600~800年的气候变化促使了吐蕃帝国的兴衰

公元7~9世纪,吐蕃帝国成为一个介于唐王朝和阿拔斯王国之间的超级区域势力,在中世纪早期的亚洲地缘政治中发挥着重要作用.然而,作为青藏高原历史上唯一一个统一的地方政权,强大的吐蕃帝国兴起和衰落的原因存在诸多争议.本研究利用了青藏高原中部湖泊江错的纹层沉积物,基于精确的纹层定年和多种地球化学指标,重建了亚年际尺度的降水和年代际尺度的温度记录,发现吐蕃帝国发展、鼎盛阶段与一个长达两个世纪的异常温暖湿润期时间一致.生态位模型模拟显示气候的暖湿化可使得青稞可耕种面积扩大,增加农业生产力,并且牧草产量增高,可能会引起高原地区人口增加,并且会有充足的后勤补给.9世纪初的干旱则可能导致农业生产力下降,人口减少,加之内部战乱导致吐蕃迅疾衰亡.降水记录和吐蕃历史事件发生时间的紧密关系意味着吐蕃帝国实施了灵活的对外战略来应对气候变化的影响.在当今全球变暖的背景下,这一研究结果对包括青藏高原在内的高寒地区的农业生产具有重要意义.

Deep Learning for Real-Time Crime Forecasting and Its Ternarization

Real-time crime forecasting is important.However,accurate prediction of when and where the next crime will happen is difficult.No known physical model provides a reasonable approximation to such a complex system.Historical crime data are sparse in both space and time and the signal of interests is weak.In this work,the authors first present a proper representation of crime data.The authors then adapt the spatial temporal residual network on the well represented data to predict the distribution of crime in Los Angeles at the scale of hours in neighborhood-sized parcels.These experiments as well as comparisons with several existing approaches to prediction demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model in terms of accuracy.Finally,the authors present a ternarization technique to address the resource consumption issue for its deployment in real world.This work is an extension of our short conference proceeding paper[Wang,B.,Zhang,D.,Zhang,D.H.,et al.,Deep learning for real time Crime forecasting,2017,ar Xiv:1707.03340].

丁冬:西藏西部一处前佛教时期居住遗址的发掘(英文)

本文对在西藏阿里札达县皮央·东嘎遗址发现的前佛教时期的居住遗址的有关情况作了初步介绍。此遗址在1999年试掘后,2001年作了正式发掘,出土的碳十四材料表明,其年代在距今2065±65年左右。尽管遗址为后代的佛教建筑破坏,但可以看出可能是一个至少有十座明显的建筑遗迹构成的小村落。不少遗迹埋藏在深浅不一的断壁残垣之下,但从表面上仍可探察出这些墙基的走向。房屋的形制一般为长方形,而房间的数量变化却很大,有的结构很简单,仅有一个单间和附属设施,而最大的房屋却有若干单间。虽然目前对于导致这种多样化的原因还不甚明了,但可能与家庭规模或构成大小、家庭成员年龄差别以及财富的多寡有联系。尽管如此,在结构特征和布置上,仍表现出一定的共同性,比如每一座建筑的角落总有一处用石头围成的可能为火塘的设施;另外,在建筑的某一角落,有一处用石头或石板垒砌起来的可能为储藏仓的部分。诸如此类的特征,再加上我们所发现的陶片特征都相同,可以推断丁冬遗址所代表的是一种单一的文化传统,而没有发生过不同族群的更替。不同规模的建筑所出土的遗物在数量上有较大的差别,结构复杂的房子里出土较多的陶片甚至包括一定数量的砾石石器。遗址中最大的一间建筑包括很多小隔间,在它西边的隔间里有一块倒伏在地的石柱,可以看出它最初是置于一个岩石围成的基座中的。这块石柱高大约两米,取材于当地。尽管在它上面没有任何图像和文字材料,但它的形状无疑表达了生殖崇拜的意义。与此相仿的一块石柱发现于遗址的东缘,也是倒伏在一个岩石垒成的圈中,在周围我们发现了炭化的大麦和蔬菜种子。这块石柱无疑是遗址中曾经具有宗教礼仪用途的,不过具体的功能我们无从得知。与之相似的具有生殖崇拜意义的石柱在西藏西部和整个喜马拉雅周边地区都很常见,但在一个真正的早期居住遗址中发现这还是第一次。本文从考古学的角度对这一文化类型作出可能的探讨。