The Cooperative Activities of CSLD2, CSLD3, and CSLD5 Are Required for Normal Arabidopsis Development

Glycosyltransferases of the Cellulose Synthase Like D （CS/D） subfamily have been reported to be involved in tip growth and stem development in Arabidopsis. The csld2 and csld3 mutants are root hair defective and the csld5 mutant has reduced stem growth. In this study, we produced double and triple knockout mutants of CSLD2, CSLD3, and CSLD5. Unlike the single mutants and the csld2/csld3 double mutant, the csld2/csld5, csld3/csld5, and csld2/csld3/csld5 mutants were dwarfed and showed severely reduced viability. This demonstrates that the cooperative activities of CSLD2, CSLD3, and CSLD5 are required for normal Arabidopsis development, and that they are involved in important processes besides the specialized role in tip growth. The mutant phenotypes indicate that CSLD2 and CSLD3 have overlapping functions with CSLD5 in early plant development, whereas the CSLD2 and CSLD3 proteins are non-redundant. To determine the biochemical function of CSLD proteins, we used transient expression in tobacco leaves. Microsomes containing heterologously expressed CSLD5 transferred mannose from GDP-mannose onto endogenous acceptors. The same activity was detected when CSLD2 and CSLD3 were coexpressed but not when they were expressed separately. With monosaccharides as exogenous acceptors, microsomal preparations from CSLD5-expressing plants mediated the transfer of mannose from GDP-mannose onto mannose. These results were supported by immunodetection studies that showed reduced levels of a mannan epitope in the cell walls of stem interfascicular fibers and xylem vessels of the csld2/csld3/csld5 mutant.

周年生物钟:赋予动物预知季节的能力

Seasonal changes in climate and animal behaviors have been depicted in Chinese literature since ancient times,such as the classical poem"HuìChóng Ch-un Jiang Wǎn Jǐng"by Su Shi.We now know that the intricate interplays among the Sun,the Earth,and the Moon shape periodic environmental changes.

MapMan4: A Refined Protein Classification and Annotation Framework Applicable to Multi-Omics Data Analysis

Genome sequences from over 200 plant species have already been published, with this number expected to increase rapidly due to advances in sequencing technologies. Once a new genome has been assembled and the genes identified, the functional annotation of their putative translational products, proteins, using ontologies is of key importance as it places the sequencing data in a biological context. Furthermore, to keep pace with rapid production of genome sequences, this functional annotation process must be fully automated. Here we present a redesigned and significantly enhanced MapMan4 framework, together with a revised version of the associated online Mercator annotation tool. Compared with the original MapMan, the new ontology has been expanded almost threefold and enforces stricter assignment rules. This framework was then incorporated into Mercator4, which has been upgraded to reflect current knowledge across the land plant group, providing protein annotations for all embryophytes with a comparably high quality. The annotation process has been optimized to allow a plant genome to be annotated in a matter of minutes. The output results continue to be compatible with the established MapMan desktop application.

Endosymbiotic pathogen-inhibitory gut bacteria in three Indian Major Carps under polyculture system: A step toward making a probiotics consortium

The gastrointestinal(GI)microbiome in fish plays significant roles in health and disease resistance.This investigation was accomplished to enumerate,characterize and identify the potential probiotic bacteria from three Indian Major Carps(IMCs),viz.,rohu(Labeo rohita),catla(Catla catla)and mrigal(Cirrhinus mrigala)using culture dependent methods.Altogether,105 pathogen-inhibitory bacteria(out of 1216 isolates)were detected from three IMCs by double layer assay.16S rRNA partial gene sequence analyses and BLAST search in the NCBI GenBank unveiled that 94.29%of the pathogen inhibitory bacteria were bacilli(99 strains)and Bacillus licheniformis by far the most common(28%).The primarily selected 27 pathogen-inhibitory strains(cumulative inhibition score≥13)produced extracellular enzymes,while 15 of them produced all the six exo-enzymes studied(amylase,protease,lipase,cellulase,phytase and xylanase).Gut stability of the strains became apparent by their ability to grow in fish mucus and tolerance to diluted bile-juice.Finally,14 strains were noticed asγ-hemolytic and susceptible to the commonly used antibiotics.Further,intra-peritoneal injection withγ-hemolytic strains did not induce any pathological signs or mortalities in fish,and thus were considered as safe.These 14γ-hemolytic isolates were represented by the genus Bacillus(13)and Stenotrophomonas(1),which might form probiotic consortia for prospective use in carp culture.

The Global Soil Mycobiome consortium dataset for boosting fungal diversity research

Fungi are highly important biotic components of terrestrial ecosystems,but we still have a very limited understanding about their diversity and distribution.This data article releases a global soil fungal dataset of the Global Soil Mycobiome consortium(GSMc)to boost further research in fungal diversity,biogeography and macroecology.The dataset comprises 722,682 fungal operational taxonomic units(OTUs)derived from PacBio sequencing of full-length ITS and 18S-V9 variable regions from 3200 plots in 108 countries on all continents.The plots are supplied with geographical and edaphic metadata.The OTUs are taxonomically and functionally assigned to guilds and other functional groups.The entire dataset has been corrected by excluding chimeras,index-switch artefacts and potential contamination.The dataset is more inclusive in terms of geographical breadth and phylogenetic diversity of fungi than previously published data.The GSMc dataset is available over the PlutoF repository.