Thermoregulatory function and sexual dimorphism of the throat sack in Helmeted Guineafowl(Numida meleagris)across Africa

The responses of ground-dwelling birds to heat and cold stress encompass a variety of behavioural,physiological and even morphological mechanisms.However,the role of glabrous skin in this respect has been marginally addressed so far.The Helmeted Guineafowl(Numida meleagris)is a landfowl distributed across Sub-Saharan Africa with eight traditionally recognised extant subspecies.Among the most prominent morphological traits underlying intraspecific variability are size and pigmentation of the bare throat skin(or sack),which might be related to the different habitats and environmental conditions across its wide range.In order to explore the Helmeted Guineafowl range-wide sack variation and pigmentation in relation to thermoregulation and sexual signalling,we collected morphometric and environmental information for N.m.coronata integrating field data with the inspection of photographic material encompassing seven subspecies and environmental information from their habitats.Field data evidenced that sack size was significantly correlated with ambient temperature,thus pointing to a likely involvement of the throat sack in thermoregulation.When the pictorial data from all subspecies were pooled,sack size correlated negatively with biomass,rainfall and humidity,while a positive correlation was found with annual solar irradiation.Sack size correlated positively with monthly temperature variation among the bluethroated subspecies from southern Africa as opposed to the black-throated subspecies ranging north to Zambia and Mozambique.Still,in this latter group the sack was often larger during winter months,possibly to maximise solar radiation absorbance.Noteworthy,sack size was related to sex dimorphism in two subspecies.Sack morphology and colour in the Helmeted Guineafowl likely modulate body temperature by evaporative cooling or heating upon needs,but in some subspecies it is also seemingly related to sexual signalling.Additional studies are needed to fully understand the multifunctionality of this important morphological feature in this species.

Association between urinary concentrations of bisphenol A substitutes and diabetes in adults

BACKGROUND Due to new restrictions on the use of bisphenol A(BPA),industries are beginning to replace it with derived molecules such as bisphenol S and F(BPS and BPF).There is extensive evidence in the academic literature on the potential health effects of BPA,which is known to be a diabetogenic molecule.However,there are few publications related to new compounds derived from BPA.AIM To perform an epidemiological study of urinary BPS and BPF in the American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)cohort,and analyze their possible relationship with diabetes mellitus.METHODS NHANES datasets from 2013 to 2016 were used due to the urinary BPF and BPS availability.Data from 3658 adults were analyzed to perform regression analysis exploring the possible relationship between BPA-derived compounds and diabetes.RESULTS Descriptive statistics,linear regression modeling,and logistic regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between urinary BPS,but not BPF,and diabetes risk.Additionally,a relationship was observed between both compounds and hypertension and a slight relationship between BPF and dyslipidemia.CONCLUSION In the present study,a strong relationship between urinary BPS,not BPF,and diabetes risk has been determined.BPA substitute molecules do not exempt the population from potential health risks.

Detection of KRAS G12D in colorectal cancer stool by droplet digital PCR

AIM To assess KRAS G12 D mutation detection by droplet digital PCR(dd PCR) in stool-derived DNA from colorectal cancer(CRC) patients.METHODS In this study, tumor tissue and stool samples were collected from 70 patients with stage Ⅰ-Ⅳ CRC diagnosed by preoperative biopsy. KRAS mutational status was determined by pyrosequencing analysis of DNA obtained from formalin-fixed paraffinembedded(FFPE) tumor tissues. The KRAS G12 D mutation was then analyzed by dd PCR in FFPE tumors and stool-derived DNA from patients with this point mutation. Wild-type(WT) tumors, as determined by pyrosequencing, were included as controls; analysis of FFPE tissue and stool-derived DNA by dd PCR was performed for these patients as well.RESULTS Among the total 70 patients included, KRAS mutations were detected by pyrosequencing in 32(45.71%), whereas 38(54.29%) had WT tumors. The frequency of KRAS mutations was higher in left-sided tumors(11 located in the right colon, 15 in the left, and 6 in the rectum). The predominant point mutation was KRAS G12 D(14.29%, n = 10), which was more frequent in early-stage tumors(I-IIA, n = 7). In agreement with pyrosequencing results, the KRAS G12 D mutation was detected by dd PCR in FFPE tumor-derived DNA, and only a residual number of mutated copies was found in WT controls. The KRAS G12 D mutation was also detected in stool-derived DNA in 80% of all fecal samples from CRC patients with this point mutation. CONCLUSION dd PCR is a reliable and sensitive method to analyze KRAS G12 D mutation in stool-derived DNA from CRC patients, especially at early stages. This non-invasive approach is potentially applicable to other relevant biomarkers for CRC management.

New evidence for a role of Bisphenol A in cell integrity.Implications in the human population

Bisphenol A(BPA)is a xenoestrogen known for its implications for the endocrine systems and several other organs,including the kidneys.Recent renal studies have shown that BPA can induce alterations of the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion mechanisms such as a podocytopathy with proteinuria and hypertension,alterations involved in the progression of renal diseases.These data and the fact that BPA is known to be present in the urine of almost the entire population strongly suggest the critical need to reevaluate BPA exposures considered safe.

Natural parasites in conjunction with behavioral and color traits explain male agonistic behaviors in a lizard

Male competition conforms to a cost-benefit model,because while aggression may increase reproductive prospects,it can also increase the risk of injury.We hypothesize that an additional cost in aggressive males would be an increase in parasite load associated with a high energy investment into sexual competition.Some of these infections,in turn,may downmodulate the level of host aggression via energetic trade-offs.We staged dyadic male contests in the lab to investigate the relationships of multiple parasites with the agonistic behavior of lizard hosts,Sceloporus occidentalis.We also included both color and behavioral traits from opponents in the analyses because(1)color patches of lizards may serve as intraspecific signals used by conspecifics to assess the quality of opponents,and(2)contests between male lizards fit classical models of escalated aggression,where lizards increase aggression displays in response to an opponent's behavior.The results conform to our hypothesis because male lizards displayed more pushups when they had more ticks.Moreover,some parasites may modulate the levels of aggression because lizards infected by hematic coccidians performed fewer pushups.Interestingly,lizards also displayed fewer pushups when both the chroma and size of the opponent's blue patch were greater.The results thus also supported the role of the blue patch of s.occidentalis as a sexual armament,because it contributed to the deterrence of aggression from opponent lizards.We revealed that natural parasitic infections in lizard hosts can contribute to their agonistic behavior.We encourage future studies to account for parasites in behavioral testswithlizards.