The present work investigated an effective low-cost production of bioethanol by the use of rejected cashew apples (CAs) in Ivorian plantations. Fresh CAs were cut into 8-10 mm slices and submitted to a drying cycle of...The present work investigated an effective low-cost production of bioethanol by the use of rejected cashew apples (CAs) in Ivorian plantations. Fresh CAs were cut into 8-10 mm slices and submitted to a drying cycle of two periods (for the sake of easing their rehydration) in an oven with forced air convection. Temperature was first set at 30˚C for 3 hours, and then raised at 50˚C until constant weight. Drying brought about 82% weight loss, and the dried slices were rehydrated in a ratio of 1:4 (w/v) in warm distilled water to reconstitute a 10 Brix degree (˚B) juice with 1.042 g/cm<sup>3</sup> density. The sugar content of the juice was increased to 20˚B (syrup) by thermal evaporation. The process was optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM) by applying a central composite plan in order to minimize heat-sensitive compound degradation. The optimal operating conditions for temperature and time of heating were precisely 68,239˚C and 83,314 min, respectively. The commercial baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to seed the 20˚B cashew apple syrup following a batch fermentation at 30˚C. The total alcohol content recorded after 24 hours was 8.24% ± 0.11% made up of almost 97% of ethanol and isobutanol (a higher alcohol). Analysis of alcoholic profiles by flam ionization detector-gas chromatography (GC-FID) showed an ethanol content of 3.92% and an almost similar but higher quantity of isobutanol (4.05%) with the latter being a by-product. As bio-based isobutanol attracts more and more attention due to its wide application and excellent fuel performance as compared to ethanol, it emerged from this study that neglected cashew apples can be successfully employed as valuable raw material for the simultaneous production of both biofuels currently used as sustainable sources of renewable energy.展开更多
BACKGROUND Rotator cuff(RC)tears are one of the most frequent pathologies within the shoulder girdle.Hand dominance and older age are associated with RC tears.Two different surgical procedures,the mini-open(MO)and all...BACKGROUND Rotator cuff(RC)tears are one of the most frequent pathologies within the shoulder girdle.Hand dominance and older age are associated with RC tears.Two different surgical procedures,the mini-open(MO)and all-arthroscopic(AA)approach,represented the standard of treatment.AIM To compare the clinical and biomechanical outcomes of two surgical techniques(AA vs MO procedure)performed to address the painful shoulder syndrome with partial or total supraspinatus tendon tear.METHODS Eighty-eight participants,50 following RC repair with AA and 38 with MO approach,were recruited in the present cross-sectional case-control study(ORTHO-SHOULDER,Prot.0054602).All patients underwent postoperative clinical evaluation for pain(Visual analogic scale),impairment,and disability(disability of the arm,shoulder,and hand)and limitation in daily activity(Constant-Murley score).Patients’shoulder mobility was also assessed in our Laboratory of Functional Movement through a wearable inertial sensor and surface electromyography to monitor kinematics and muscle activity during the movement on the frontal(abduction/adduction)and sagittal(flexion-extension)planes.RESULTS No statistically significant differences between the two procedures were observed in either main clinical score or range of motion.A significant increase in velocity during the movement execution and a higher contribution of upper trapezius muscles were found in the AA group compared with MO patients.CONCLUSION In terms of clinical scores,our findings were in line with previous results.However,the use of technology-based assessment of shoulder mobility has revealed significant differences between the two techniques in terms of mean velocity and pattern of muscle activation.展开更多
Pesticide residues are either natural or synthetic and are found in most edible products such as fresh fruits, vegetables, meat and other processed products. Excess of these pesticides’ residues is unsafe for consump...Pesticide residues are either natural or synthetic and are found in most edible products such as fresh fruits, vegetables, meat and other processed products. Excess of these pesticides’ residues is unsafe for consumption due to regulatory measures. Thus, it is beneficial to assess the level of residues of pesticides in the food diet in order to improve the standard of living of the population. This study intends to assess the pesticide usage and residue levels of selected pesticides in fresh tomatoes in the supply chain of Rwanda. The results of the study confirm that there are around 10 brands of pesticides used in Rwanda. 58.97% of the surveyed people around the country are males and 71.79% of farmers apply rockets as the main pesticide. More than 22% of surveyed farmers affirmed to consume the raw or/and unwashed tomatoes. This study revealed that the residues of the active ingredients contained in the pesticides are accumulated in unwashed tomatoes and the quantity of such residues is shown in this study. Deltamethrin was 0.64 ± 0. 009 mg·kg<sup>?</sup><sup>1</sup> in tomatoes collected in Rusizi district, cypermethrin 1.1435 ± 0. 0375 mg·kg<sup>?1</sup> in tomatoes collected from Gisagara District, mancozeb residues was 0.620 ± 0.000 mg·kg<sup>?1</sup> in tomatoes collected from Rusizi district. The results of the study also show that pesticide residues are not found in the washed tomatoes. Therefore, the detection of pesticide residues in unwashed tomatoes in some samples indicates the malpractice of residues among farmers in Rwanda. Also, consumers eating the unwashed fresh tomatoes are recommended to wash the tomatoes before use.展开更多
文摘The present work investigated an effective low-cost production of bioethanol by the use of rejected cashew apples (CAs) in Ivorian plantations. Fresh CAs were cut into 8-10 mm slices and submitted to a drying cycle of two periods (for the sake of easing their rehydration) in an oven with forced air convection. Temperature was first set at 30˚C for 3 hours, and then raised at 50˚C until constant weight. Drying brought about 82% weight loss, and the dried slices were rehydrated in a ratio of 1:4 (w/v) in warm distilled water to reconstitute a 10 Brix degree (˚B) juice with 1.042 g/cm<sup>3</sup> density. The sugar content of the juice was increased to 20˚B (syrup) by thermal evaporation. The process was optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM) by applying a central composite plan in order to minimize heat-sensitive compound degradation. The optimal operating conditions for temperature and time of heating were precisely 68,239˚C and 83,314 min, respectively. The commercial baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to seed the 20˚B cashew apple syrup following a batch fermentation at 30˚C. The total alcohol content recorded after 24 hours was 8.24% ± 0.11% made up of almost 97% of ethanol and isobutanol (a higher alcohol). Analysis of alcoholic profiles by flam ionization detector-gas chromatography (GC-FID) showed an ethanol content of 3.92% and an almost similar but higher quantity of isobutanol (4.05%) with the latter being a by-product. As bio-based isobutanol attracts more and more attention due to its wide application and excellent fuel performance as compared to ethanol, it emerged from this study that neglected cashew apples can be successfully employed as valuable raw material for the simultaneous production of both biofuels currently used as sustainable sources of renewable energy.
文摘BACKGROUND Rotator cuff(RC)tears are one of the most frequent pathologies within the shoulder girdle.Hand dominance and older age are associated with RC tears.Two different surgical procedures,the mini-open(MO)and all-arthroscopic(AA)approach,represented the standard of treatment.AIM To compare the clinical and biomechanical outcomes of two surgical techniques(AA vs MO procedure)performed to address the painful shoulder syndrome with partial or total supraspinatus tendon tear.METHODS Eighty-eight participants,50 following RC repair with AA and 38 with MO approach,were recruited in the present cross-sectional case-control study(ORTHO-SHOULDER,Prot.0054602).All patients underwent postoperative clinical evaluation for pain(Visual analogic scale),impairment,and disability(disability of the arm,shoulder,and hand)and limitation in daily activity(Constant-Murley score).Patients’shoulder mobility was also assessed in our Laboratory of Functional Movement through a wearable inertial sensor and surface electromyography to monitor kinematics and muscle activity during the movement on the frontal(abduction/adduction)and sagittal(flexion-extension)planes.RESULTS No statistically significant differences between the two procedures were observed in either main clinical score or range of motion.A significant increase in velocity during the movement execution and a higher contribution of upper trapezius muscles were found in the AA group compared with MO patients.CONCLUSION In terms of clinical scores,our findings were in line with previous results.However,the use of technology-based assessment of shoulder mobility has revealed significant differences between the two techniques in terms of mean velocity and pattern of muscle activation.
文摘Pesticide residues are either natural or synthetic and are found in most edible products such as fresh fruits, vegetables, meat and other processed products. Excess of these pesticides’ residues is unsafe for consumption due to regulatory measures. Thus, it is beneficial to assess the level of residues of pesticides in the food diet in order to improve the standard of living of the population. This study intends to assess the pesticide usage and residue levels of selected pesticides in fresh tomatoes in the supply chain of Rwanda. The results of the study confirm that there are around 10 brands of pesticides used in Rwanda. 58.97% of the surveyed people around the country are males and 71.79% of farmers apply rockets as the main pesticide. More than 22% of surveyed farmers affirmed to consume the raw or/and unwashed tomatoes. This study revealed that the residues of the active ingredients contained in the pesticides are accumulated in unwashed tomatoes and the quantity of such residues is shown in this study. Deltamethrin was 0.64 ± 0. 009 mg·kg<sup>?</sup><sup>1</sup> in tomatoes collected in Rusizi district, cypermethrin 1.1435 ± 0. 0375 mg·kg<sup>?1</sup> in tomatoes collected from Gisagara District, mancozeb residues was 0.620 ± 0.000 mg·kg<sup>?1</sup> in tomatoes collected from Rusizi district. The results of the study also show that pesticide residues are not found in the washed tomatoes. Therefore, the detection of pesticide residues in unwashed tomatoes in some samples indicates the malpractice of residues among farmers in Rwanda. Also, consumers eating the unwashed fresh tomatoes are recommended to wash the tomatoes before use.
