Life satisfaction approach to farmers' compensation for land acquisition:empirical study from the suburbs of Wuhan City

Farmers' compensation for land acquisition is not only critical to increasing their income and to playing a pivotal role in maintaining rural stability,but also to the promotion of sustainable land use.Based on analysis of Chinese land acquisition policy under the Land Management Law,which provides principles or guidelines for determining compensation according to agricultural land use in regard to farmers' previous quality of life,the Life Satisfaction Approach is introduced in this article to evaluate farmers' compensation for land acquisition.Employing data from a questionnaire survey on 346 farming households in Wuhan Suburbs,this article examined the influence of farmland on farmers' life satisfaction and evaluated the level of compensation for land acquisition.Results show that farmland has a significantly positive impact on life satisfaction,which fell by 0.033 on a five-point scale following a reduction farmland by of 1 mu.Respondents were willing to accept approximately RMB 3066.44 annual household income for the loss of 1 mu farmland;the level of compensation after discounting by 6.2%is RMB 750,000 per hectare.It was found in a further comparative study that the level of farmers' compensation for land acquisition is decidedly low,and it was also shown that their compensation standards,as well as the actual compensation,could be substantially improved by expanding economic compensation to non-economic compensation to embody farmland multifunction in terms of production and non-production against farmers' previous quality of life.This article proposes a compensation model that enriches the content of land acquisition compensation,extends the current literature on measuring compensation,and provides economic theory bases for increasing compensation standards and improving policies related to land acquisition.We consider that if this compensation model is applied,it could raise the cost of land acquisition and improve usage of land,reduce the speed of rural-urban land conversion,and improve farmers' well-being.

Evaluation of the impacts of adaptive cruise control system on improving fuel efficiency of urban road traffic

The impact of the adaptive cruise control（ ACC）system on improving fuel efficiency is evaluated based on the vehicle-specific power. The intelligent driver model was first modified to simulate the ACC system and it was calibrated by using empirical traffic data. Then, a five-step procedure based on the vehicle-specific power was introduced to calculate fuel efficiency. Five scenarios with different ACC ratios were tested in simulation experiments, and sensitivity analyses of two key ACC factors affecting the perception-reaction time and time headway were also conducted. The simulation results indicate that all the scenarios with ACC vehicles have positive impacts on reducing fuel consumption. Furthermore, from the perspective of fuel efficiency, the extremely small value of the perception-reaction time of the ACC system is not necessary due to the fact that the value of 0.5 and 0.1 s can almost lead to the same reduction in fuel consumption. Finally, the designed time headway of the ACC system is also proposed to be large enough for fuel efficiency, although its small value can increase capacity. The findings of this study provide useful information for connected vehicles and autonomous vehicle manufacturers to improve fuel efficiency on roadways.

Two-and Three-Dimensional Urban Core Determinants of the Urban Heat Island： A Statistical Approach

There is no doubt that the UHI （urban heat island） is a mounting problem in built-up environments, due to the energy retention by surface dense building materials, leading to increased temperatures, air pollution, and energy consumption. Much of the earlier research on the UHI has used two-dimensional （2-D） information, such as land uses and the distribution of vegetation. In the case of homogeneous land uses, it is possible to predict surface temperatures with reasonable accuracy with 2-D information. However, three-dimensional （3-D） information is necessary to analyze more complex sites, including dense building clusters. In this research, 3-D building geometry information is combined with 2-D urban surface information to examine the relationship between urban characteristics and temperature. The research includes the following stages： （1） estimating urban temperature; （2） developing a 3-D city model; （3） generating geometric parameters; and （4） conducting statistical analyses using both linear and non-linear regression models. The implications of the results are discussed, providing guidelines for policies aiming to reduce the UHI.

Mapping of Stream Flow Trends in Porsuk Basin Using GIS Environment

In this study, trends of minimum, average and maximum flows were investigated in Porsuk basin, which is a sub-basin of Sakarya basin and then changes in flows were mapped using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). In the study, in 10 flow gauging stations across the Porsuk basin, monthly average, maximum and minimum flow data is used covering the period 1961-2013 (53 years). When analyzing the distribution of observed trends in the basin, a trend has been observed in most of the river flows. A decreasing trend has been observed overall in the basin. Trends are generally decreasing over time except for a few stations. As a result, increasing trends are observed in the west part of the basin;while in the east part of the basin decreasing trends are observed. When average and maximum monthly flows are investigated, decreasing trends are observed in the stations except DSI-12182. Trend analysis of 10 flow gauging stations across the Porsuk basin is investigated by Mann-Kendall method. Trend distribution was made according to flow trends of basin by transferring Z values to GIS.

Comparative study of China and USA public private partnerships in public transportation

As an effective alternative approach to provide goods and services for public infrastructure, the Public Private Partnership （PPP） has been studied extensively over the past few decades. On a global scale, China and the United States have developed cooperation on PPP projects in various areas. To perform a comparative study, this paper analyzes how PPP projects work in both countries for public transportation. The basic features, types, and phases of PPPs in public transportation are introduced first, fol- lowed by a thorough discussion on their advantages and challenges. This paper adopts a case study method to analyze the achievements and problems of PPP projects in both countries and then proposes important findings and suggestions for future research.

Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess Vulnerability of Environmental Degradation in North-Western Bangladesh

Environmental degradation is a burning issue in Bangladesh. The degradation process is extremely acute in the north-western part of Bangladesh due to many environmental and anthropogenic reasons. However, initiative of research work on this issue is very crucial and urgent for regional and local planning and management. In this paper, Nachole and Niamotpur Upazilas were considered as the study area to identify and quantify environmental degradation using an integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technique. The results of the study reveal that the area is one of the most vulnerable areas in terms of land degradation that already affected local agriculture, biodiversity, water supply and overall socio-economic livelihoods. From the modelling results, about 66,301 hectares (90%) of land are vulnerable to land degradation, of which 24,736, 40,309 and 256 hectares of land were classified as severely, highly, and moderately vulnerable areas respectively. The overall image classification accuracy for all the resultant images was 95.40% while kappa coefficient was 0.94.

A Study about Effects of River Water Quality on Fish Living in Büyük Menderes Basin, Turkey

The measurements for the quality of the water were made at eight stations of Adügüzel Dam, Yenice Regulator, Sarayköy Bridge, Feslek Regulator, Yenipazar Bridge, Aydιn Bridge, Koçarlι Bridge, Söke Regulator located at the Buyuk Menderes River, Turkey. The study was conducted for the period between 2000-2013 for the months of February, April, June, August, October and December. The results received were analyzed for temperature, pH, EC, Cl-, Na, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, , TDS, TH and SS aquaculture. The results of the analyses revealed that although the water pollution in the river showed variations throughout the year, in fact the samples obtained at various locations displayed high levels of pollutants. The “Regulation on Turkish Water Pollution Control” was made use of in classifying the parameters of the water in this study. These parameters were compared with the WHO Guidelines and TS-266. Among the 8 Dams that were included in the study, the best quality of water was measured in the Adügüzel Dam, which gave the lowest values;and the levels were measured to be higher in the Saraykoy Station than those of the other dams. There was a severe drought in Menderes Basin in 2007, and therefore the highest annual values were measured for the year 2007. In those years, the levels of the irrigation water decreased as low as 4255 m3/ha. The SPSS 21 Statistical Analysis Program was made use of in analyzing the data of the study. The One-Way Anova and Tukey Multiple Comparison tests were also used for the analyses of the data as well. The p < 0.05 level was accepted as being significant in the analyses. The distribution of the data was performed by using the Box-plot Graphs. Furthermore, the effects on fish species and the pollution in Büyük Menderes River were also examined in the study.

Istanbul’s Resilience in Question:Resilience,Decision-Making Process,Planning Politics

An important environmental issue related to planning is created by the political orientation of the government in Turkey.Especially in the new millennium,the government has focused on achieving economic growth and avoiding the global economic crises as its primary targets.These priorities resulted in efficiency-oriented planning policies in which the metropolitan city of Istanbul is the main field of operation because of its capacity to become a regional centre of finance in the global economy.In this respect,Istanbul is regarded to have the capacity of fuelling the economic boost because of its historic,strategic and environmental assets.The city has become a dynamic bundle of urban operations.Existing public areas such as parks,forests,seashores are subjected to land development;renewal projects transform deteriorated poor neighbourhoods into high income neighbourhoods or inner-city attractions for tourism or globally marketed business areas with high quality offices.Vacant land which is reserved as potential green space for new developments in the plan is given new functions with high densities.This paper attempts to present how local government is pursuing these ends and legitimizing its means by abusing the earthquake risks,and how planning regulations are bent in order to pave the road for foreign and domestic capital.These actions are discussed in relation to the typology of planning approaches and the question of resilience.

Mapping Distribution of Precipitation, Temperature and Evaporation in Seydisuyu Basin with the Help of Distance Related Estimation Methods

In this research, distributions of precipitation, temperature and evaporation in Seydisuyu basin were analyzed with the help of inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. Because real meteorological data of the basin (precipitation, temperature and evaporation) do not have normal distribution, precipitation, temperature and evaporation distribution maps are drawn after normalization process. The number of meteorological stations, in other words the number of samples, is low, so only IDW method is used in this research. In addition to the research, reliability of the results obtained with the help of inverse distance weighting method was examined with accuracy analysis. The purpose of this study, the spatial distribution of meteorological data on a basin or areas is to demonstrate the applicability of the statistical basis.

A Study on Importance and Role of Irrigation and Hydropower Plant Operation in Integrated River Basin Management

In this study, 16 irrigation schemes (Baklan, Irgilli, Sutlac, Cal, Cürüksu, Nazilli, Saraykoy, Pamukkale, Sultanhisar, Akcay, Aydin, Topcam, Karpuzlu, Isikli, Gümüssu ve Soke) having 166,381 hectares, built by State Hydraulic Works (DSI), and operated by participatory irrigation managements, and 14 hydroelectric power plants (HPP) operated and built on dams, canals and rivers by the public and private sectors are examined in the Büyük Menderes basin which is an important basin in terms of the agriculture, energy and ecology projects. Integrated basin management practices and the importance and role of irrigation and hydropower plant operation in integrated basin management, how it should be, optimal use of available water resources for irrigation and hydroelectric power plant operation, irrigation relationship with canal hydropower plants, operated under integrated basin management of irrigation and hydropower plants, environment and the ecological effects have been studied, and integrated basin management with the existing basin management conditions in terms of hydropower plant and irrigation operation on the basis of data of 2015 have been compared, reached important conclusions, and made recommendations on the subject.

Mapping of Precipitation, Temperature and Evaporation Distributions in the Porsuk Basin Using Distant Forecasting Methods

Geographical data are of great importance in meteorology and climate science. These data can create the areal distribution models analyzed by spatial interpolation methods. The values of the areas without measurement data are estimated with these distribution models. In this study, distribution of meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature and evaporation in Porsuk basin, which is determined as research area, was investigated by Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Ordinary Kriging methods. Actual meteorological data analyzed of the basin do not show a normal distribution statistically. Therefore, the data were firstly subjected to normalization and then analyzed according to the IDW and Ordinary Kriging methods to create distribution maps of precipitation, temperature and evaporation data. Quadratic mean error values were compared to investigate the reliability of analyzes. In this study, the analysis results of precipitation, temperature and evaporation data have been calculated by two different methods. Ordinary Kriging method has been determined as the method making the most accurate estimation.

A Study on Determining the Hydropower Potential of Çine Dam in Turkey

This study has been conducted with the purpose of determining the hydroelectric potential that can be utilized by Cine dam which will be constructed for irrigation, overflow control and for energy production purposes on the Cine stream (which is located as an important arm of Büyük Menderes River in Turkey). The study will also compare other research conducted by various organizations. In order to determine the hydroelectric energy potential, the SIMAHPP 4 (Simulate and Assess the Feasibility of Hydropower Projects) professional software has been utilized. It has been observed that the calculated hydroelectric potential conforms to energy potential calculated by other organizations such as DSI (State Hydraulic Works). Especially the turbine power, installed power, turbine design flow rate and annual energy production values in the studies have been realized with close values to the real ones. The power plant which is planned to have an average of natural streams of the past 43 years has been designed with an annual power production capacity of 210.87 GWh/year (without regulation ratio) and with installed power of 48,144 MW along with a design flow rate of 35 m3/s. As a result, since these water structures have high costs associated with them and also since they will have to be functional for many years, it will be beneficial to use various different computational methods.

Formation of Eskisehir Province Flood Maps with Using of Geographical Information Systems

In this study, it is aimed to develop the flood risk analysis of Porsuk River, which is responsible for naming of the Porsuk Basin sub basin of Sakarya Basin, by utilizing the methods of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). In addition, flood elevation effects of Porsuk River in Eski&#351;ehir city and the regions around were investigated. Necessary data for study were obtained from Eski&#351;ehir 3. Regional Directorate of State Hydraulic Works archives. For analyses, the cross section of Porsuk River was defined in the Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) software. Subsequently, recurring periods of 50, 100 and 1000 years discharge of Porsuk River which is calculated as 51.83 m3/s, 60.15 m3/s and 86.66 m3/s respectively were inputted in the software to obtain analysis results. Obtained results from the present study and topographic data were compared and interpreted. As a result, elevation of flood and its risks for urban regions were studied and presented.

考虑成本约束和可靠性的检测器优化布设

针对路网中交通检测器布设问题,同时考虑到各路段布设费用差异性、总成本约束与检测器故障情况及观测数据随机不确定性,根据误差传播规律,以降低综合布设费用和提高路段流量推算可靠性为目标,构建了多目标检测器优化布设模型.为验证数学模型的科学性有效性,运用Nguyen-Dupuis和Sioux-Fall网络进行算例对比分析,研究结果表明:通过优化求解算法可获取最佳检测器布设方案,降低了检测器配置费用、提升了路网流量估计质量,且满足全路段流量完整可观测性要求,其流量推算次数及误差累计能有效减少20%与19%,论证了该模型在中大型网络上的适用性和合理性;其设计主要基于网络自身拓扑结构和节点流量守恒方程,不需要历史交通信息及路径信息,有效降低了计算复杂度.

Mapping Supply-Demand of Riparian Ecosystem Service for Riparian Greenspace Planning on Multiple Spatial Scales

Riparian areas produce a variety of ecosystem service(ES)functions and play an important role in the coupled nature-human systems.Taking account of riparian ES in riparian greenspace planning framework and balancing the ecological and social aspects of ES can help to achieve the composite goals for urban-rural sustainability.However,there is still a lack of research on the integration thinking and quantification approach for riparian ES to support riparian greenspace planning and decision-making.This research mainly discusses the possible way of incorporating the ES into riparian greenspace planning and presents an integrated framework of the interaction between riparian ES and riparian greenspace planning,including evaluating riparian ES supply-demand budget to support multi-scales(region,urban,and street)riparian greenspace planning.Taking the Nanchuan District of Chongqing in China as a case study,we aim to achieve the following three results:first,recognizing the relationship and building a link between riparian ES and riparian greenspace planning;second,establishing a multi-scale scoring system of two ES supply-demand indicators for mapping on three spatial scales;third,applying riparian ES supply-demand mapping into riparian greenspace planning from three aspects of balancing planning goals,multi-scale planning tasks,and planning strategies and policies.

A Study on Planned and Applied Irrigation Modules in Irrigation Networks: A Case Study at Büyük Menderes Basin, Turkey

In this study, irrigation modules calculated in planning and actualized operational stage of the irrigation networks are examined. Irrigation module used irrigation networks is a constant discharge parameter, meeting the needs of irrigation water requirement smonthly of crops in one hectare of irrigation area and it is a constant discharge flowing continuously for a month. Extent of the overlapping between the irrigation planning module and the operation module actualized during the operational stage of the irrigation network depends on changes in the cropping patterns, differences in the effects of field irrigation methods used by farmers on the capacity of the constructed system, the increases or decreases in the water demands depending on the irrigation period, as well as the extent of sustainability according to the selected operation method. A2 irrigation area of Aydin plain irrigation network, locating in the Büyük Menderes basin, Turkey is selected as study area, with an area of 2500 ha. Irrigation planning module calculated for this network is q = 1.16 l/s/ha and it has been designed as per the supply demand operation method. For the study;actualized irrigation module in the operation stage has been compared with the planning irrigation module by using Excel software and taking parameters such as actual crop pattern and percentage distributions, actualized irrigated areas, irrigation networks and water distribution, water intake of irrigation networks which have been calculated without operation losses, as well as with 5%, 10%, and 15% operation losses. The July operation module calculated for the examined irrigation network generally conforms to the planning module, as it has received the values close to or below the value of irrigation planning modules.

Beyond skyline and borders: Unraveling the evolution and drivers of tourism green development efficiency in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, China

Green development is a critical component of sustainable tourism, which prioritizes a comprehensive, ecologically-friendly, and people-oriented approach to development. This study presents a case study of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei(BTH) urban agglomeration from 2001 to 2021 to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of tourism green development efficiency(TGDE). The study defines the concept of tourism green development and constructs an evaluation system, which is used to explore the internal differences and spatial patterns of TGDE within the urban agglomeration. The methodological approach includes the SBM–Undesirable model, kernel density estimation, Markov chain, and spatial gravity model. The findings indicate that the TGDE in the BTH urban agglomeration is generally favorable, displaying a temporal phase of “rising–declining–rising.” However, the study observes lower TGDE in tourism node cities compared to tourism regional center cities and tourism core hub cities. The non-equilibrium degree of each region indicates significant spatio-temporal evolution patterns and internal differences among the three regions, with a spatially decreasing distribution of “core hub-regional center-node city.” The TGDE in the urban agglomeration experienced an evolutionary trend of “first decreasing and then increasing” with apparent endogenous evolution characteristics. The linkage pattern of green development efficiency in the tourism industry between cities is relatively stable. Furthermore,neighboring cities generally exhibit a higher spatial connectivity strength of green development efficiency in the tourism industry compared to non-neighboring cities. Economic development level, industrial structure, and science and education level are identified as key factors that affect TGDE. However, the study finds that the factors influencing TGDE in tourism core hub cities, tourism regional center cities, and tourism node cities differ somewhat. Economic development level, industrial structure, science and education level, openness, and government regulation impact TGDE in tourism core hub cities and tourism regional center cities, while economic development level, industrial structure, and tourism resource endowment are the primary factors affecting TGDE in tourism node cities. The study provides policymakers and tourism practitioners with valuable insights into enhancing the green development of the tourism industry in the BTH urban agglomeration and other similar regions.Corresponding policy recommendations based on the results are proposed to improve the TGDE of the tourism industry in these regions, promote sustainable tourism development,improve the quality of life of local residents, and protect the ecological environment.

A data-driven approach to modeling high-density terminal areas：A scenario analysis of the new Beijing,China airspace

Airports are being developed and expanded rapidly in China to accommodate and promote a growing aviation market.The future Beijing Daxing International Airport（DAX） will serve as the central airport of the JingJinJi megaregion,knitting the Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei regions together.DAX will be a busy airport from its inception,relieving congestion and accommodating growth from Beijing Capital International Airport（PEK）,currently the second busiest airport in the world in passengers moved.We aim to model terminal airspace designs and possible conflicts in the future Beijing Multi-Airport System（MAS）.We investigate standard arrival procedures and mathematically model current and future arrival trajectories into PEK and DAX by collecting large quantities of publicly available track data from historical arrivals operating within the Beijing terminal airspace.We find that（1） trajectory models constructed from real data capture aberrations and deviations from standard arrival procedures,validating the need to incorporate data on historical trajectories with standard procedures when evaluating the airspace and（2） given all existing constraints,DAX may be restricted to using north and east arrival flows,constraining the capacity required to handle the increases in air traffic demand to Beijing.The results indicate that the terminal airspace above Beijing,and the future JingJinJi region,requires careful consideration if the full capacity benefits of the two major airports are to be realized.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and generational heterogeneity on ecommerce shopping styles-A case study of Sacramento,California

The COVID pandemic has accelerated the growth of ecommerce and reshaped shopping patterns,which in turn impacts trip-making and vehicle miles traveled.The objectives of this study are to define shopping styles and quantify their prevalence in the population,investigate the impact of the pandemic on shopping style transition,understand the generational heterogeneity and other factors that influence shopping styles,and comment on the potential impact of the pandemic on long-term shopping behavior.Two months after the initial shutdown(May/June 2021),we collected ecommerce behavioral data from 313 Sacramento Region households using an online survey.A K-means clustering analysis of shopping behavior across eight commodity types identified five shopping styles,including ecommerce independent,ecommerce dependent,and three mixed modes in-between.We found that the share of ecommerce independent style shifted from 55%pre-pandemic to 27%during the pandemic.Overall,30%kept the same style as pre-pandemic,54%became more ecommerce dependent,and 16%became less ecommerce dependent,with the latter group more likely to view shopping an excuse to get out.Heterogeneity was found across generations.Pre-pandemic,Millennials and Gen Z were the most ecommerce dependent,but during the pandemic they made relatively small shifts toward increased ecommerce dependency.Baby Boomers and the Silent Generation were bimodal,either sticking to in-person shopping or shifting to ecommercedependency during the pandemic.Post-pandemic intentions varied across styles,with households who primarily adopt non-food ecommerce intending to reverse back to in-person shopping,while the highly ecommerce dependent intend to limit future in-store activities.

Urban Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping at the Microscale Based on the Catastrophe Progression Method

Vulnerability assessment and mapping play a crucial role in disaster risk reduction and planning for adaptation to a future earthquake.Turkey is one of the most at-risk countries for earthquake disasters worldwide.Therefore,it is imperative to develop effective earthquake vulnerability assessment and mapping at practically relevant scales.In this study,a holistic earthquake vulnerability index that addresses the multidimensional nature of earthquake vulnerability was constructed.With the aim of representing the vulnerability as a continuum across space,buildings were set as the smallest unit of analysis.The study area is in İzmit City of Turkey,with the exposed human and structural elements falling inside the most hazardous zone of seismicity.The index was represented by the building vulnerability,socioeconomic vulnerability,and vulnerability of the built environment.To minimize the subjectivity and uncertainty that the vulnerability indices based on expert knowledge are suffering from,an extension of the catastrophe progression method for the objective weighing of indicators was proposed.Earthquake vulnerability index and components were mapped,a local spatial autocorrelation metric was employed where the hotspot maps demarcated the earthquake vulnerability,and the study quantitatively revealed an estimate of people at risk.With its objectivity and straightforward implementation,the method can aid decision support for disaster risk reduction and emergency management.