Interpretation of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) circuit model for soils

Based on three different kinds of conductive paths in microstructure of soil and theory of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), an integrated equivalent circuit model and impedance formula for soils were proposed, which contain 6 meaningful resistance and reactance parameters. Considering the conductive properties of soils and dispersion effects, mathematical equations for impedance under various circuit models were deduced and studied. The mathematical expression presents two semicircles for theoretical EIS Nyquist spectrum, in which the center of one semicircle is degraded to simply the equivalent model. Based on the measured parameters of EIS Nyquist spectrum, meaningful soil parameters can easily be determined. Additionally, EIS was used to investigate the soil properties with different water contents along with the mathematical relationships and mechanism between the physical parameters and water content. Magnitude of the impedance decreases with the increase of testing frequency and water content for Bode graphs. The proposed model would help us to better understand the soil microstructure and properties and offer more reasonable explanations for EIS spectra.

Mechanism of cement-stabilized soil polluted by magnesium sulfate

In order to simulate and study the mechanism of cement stabilized soils polluted by different contents of magnesium sulfate(MS), a series of tests were conducted on the cemented soil samples, including unconfined compression strength(UCS) tests of blocks, X-ray diffraction(XRD) phase analysis of powder samples, microstructure by scanning electronic microscopy(SEM),element composition by energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS), and pore distribution analysis by Image Processed Plus 6.0(IPP 6.0)software. The UCS test results show that UCS of cemented soils reaches the peak value when the MS content is 4.5 g/kg. While, the UCS for Sample MS4 having the MS content of 18.0 g/kg is the lowest among all tested samples. Based on the EDS analysis results,Sample MS4 has the greater contents for the three elements, oxygen(O), magnesium(Mg) and sulfur(S), than Sample MS1. From the XRD phase analysis, C-A-S-H(3Ca O·Al2O3·3Ca SO4·32H2O and 3Ca O·Al2O3·Ca SO4·18H2O), M-A-H(Mg O·Al2O3·H2O), M-S-H(Mg O·Si O2·H2O), Mg(OH)2 and Ca SO4 phase diffraction peaks are obviously intense due to the chemical action associated with the MS. The pore distribution analysis shows that the hydrated products change the distribution of cemented soil pores and the pores with average diameter(AD) of 2-50 μm play a key role in terms of the whole structure of cemented soil. The microscopic structure of the cemented soil with MS exhibits the intertwined and embedded characteristics between the cement and granular soils from the SEM images of cemented soils. The microstructure analysis shows that the magnesium sulfate acts as the additive, which is beneficial to the soil strength when the MS content is low(i.e., Sample MS2). However, higher MS amount involving a chemical action makes samples crystallize and expand, which is adverse to the UCS of cemented soils(i.e., Sample MS4).