Analysis of Herbal Medicine Prescriptions for Patients in An Academic Korean Medical Hospital:A Cross Sectional Study of Electronic Medical Records(2010–2013)

Objective： To obtain fundamental information for the standardization of herbal medicine in Korea. Methods： We analyzed the herbal medicine prescription data of patients at the Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital from March 2010 to February 2013. We used the Dongui-Bogam （Dong Yi Bao Jian） to classify prescribed herbal medicines. Results： The study revealed that the most frequently prescribed herbal medicine was ‘Liuwei Dihuang Pill （LWDHP, 六味地黄丸）＇ which was used for invigorating ‘Shen （Kidndy）-yin＇. ‘LWDHP＇ was most frequently prescribed to male patients aged 50-59, 60-69, 70-79 and 80-89 years, and ‘Xionggui Tiaoxue Decoction （XGTXD, 芎归调血饮）＇ was most frequently prescribed to female patients aged 30-39 and 40-49 years. According to the International Classification of Diseases （ICD） codes,‘Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue＇ showed the highest prevalence. ‘LWDHP＇ and ＇XGTXD＇ was the most frequently prescribed in categories 5 and 3, respectively. Based on the percentage of prescriptions for each sex, ‘Ziyin Jianghuo Decoction （滋阴降火汤）＇ was prescribed to mainly male patients, and ‘XGTXD＇ with ‘Guima Geban Decoction （桂麻各半汤）＇ were prescribed to mainly female patients. Conclusion： This study analysis successfully determined the frequency of a variety of herbal medicines, and many restorative herbal medicines were identified and frequently administered.

Earliest parietal art:hominin hand and foot traces from the middle Pleistocene of Tibet

At Quesang on the Tibetan Plateau we report a series of hand and foot impressions that appear to have been intentionally placed on the surface of a unit of soft travertine.The travertine was deposited by water from a hot spring which is now inactive and as the travertine lithified it preserved the traces.On the basis of the sizes of the hand and foot traces,we suggest that two track-makers were involved and were likely children.We interpret this event as a deliberate artistic act that created a work of parietal art.The travertine unit on which the traces were imprinted dates to between~169 and 226 ka BP.This would make the site the earliest currently known example of parietal art in the world and would also provide the earliest evidence discovered to date for hominins on the High Tibetan Plateau(above 4000 m a.s.l.).This remarkable discovery adds to the body of research that identifies children as some of the earliest artists within the genus Homo.

Honour and Kingship in Herodotus: Status, Role, and the Limits of Self-Assertion

The notion of time(Tiμη, normally translated "honour") is a key concept when it comes to thinking about virtues, roles, and duties in ancient Greek ethics and society, both in popular and in philosophical terms. This discussion concentrates on the work of the fifth-century historian, Herodotus, where the idea of time as the fulfilment of a specific role in society takes on particular and interesting inflections. In Herodotus, as in Greek generally, time covers both the esteem that one receives from others and the claim to esteem that the individual him- or herself brings to bear in social interaction. Thus time is both "deference" and "demeanour"(to use Goflman's terminology). As a quality of an individual that commands others' respect, time also encompasses the roles that are bound up with one's status. Roles and offices express, attract, and demand time, but such demands are normally constrained by reciprocal respect for the time of others. The office of the Persian king, however, appears at first sight to involve unconditional claims to recognition respect, powerful drives towards appraisal respect (in DarwalPs terminology), and only limited acknowledgement of either ethical norms or others claims as potential limitations to regal self-assertion. Closer inspection, however, reveals that the values of mutual respect that underpin the freedom enjoyed by citizens of Greek poleis are also felt by Herodotus to ground claims to freedom and in dependence on the part of those poleis themselves, claims that the historian9s narrative suggests are ultimately upheld by the gods and embedded in the structure of the cosmos itself.

Axial Breakthrough in Athens： Religious Topography and Transformation

Axial Age theory posits that there should be major transformations in Greece （as elsewhere） in the middle of the first millennium BCE. One could point to the creation of the world＇s first democracy in Athens in the years around 508. Equally important, and not unrelated to the democracy, was a re-conceptualizing of the role of religion and worship in society, for which Athens provides especially striking archeological evidence. The physical setting for religious expression changed markedly around the end of the sixth century, especially at Athens. The Agora was filled with cults, temples, and shrines of gods and heroes, laid out along with the establishment of the democracy and adapted to the changing political and social needs of the community. Conversely, the Acropolis, which had been strictly the domain of the goddess Athena, takes on a more civic character in the late sixth century with a radical change in the nature of votives dedicated to her. Thus, in the Greek version of axial breakthrough, religion is not set aside or diluted, but put in the service of a new political order.

Athens and Delphi in the Classical Period:Exploring a Religious Relationship

In this article,I present an interpretation in religious terms of what Athenians were doing when they went to Delphi as representatives of their city.I begin by briefly outlining the key moments of Athenian involvement with Delphi in the classical period,which is roughly from 479 to 338 BCE,and the general relationship between city and sanctuary.I then look at the activities of the Athenian delegates to the Delphic Amphiktyony,whose responsibilities included representing the city of Athens at the festival of the Pylaia at Anthela and offering sacrifice at Delphi.I then turn to sacred ambassadors coming to consult the oracle,and show that occasions of consultation were festival occasions and that the experience of the thedroi was profoundly religious.I demonstrate that more than any immediate political concerns,maintaining a good relationship with Apollo was central to these activities.Evidence will be drawn largely from inscriptions from Delphi and literary sources from Athens,dating to the period under investigation.

Scale,Information-Processing,and Complementarities in Old-World Axial Age Societies

Recent cross-disciplinary work on quantifying historical dynamics has made major contributions to scholarship.However,efforts to specify relationships between scale and information-processing always run a risk of shoehorning messy realities into overly rigid categories.In the case of the first-millennium BCE“Axial Age”in the Old World,networks of collective computing were structured more by cultural systems than by polities,and to understand the relationships between political scale and collective computational abilities,scholars need categories flexible enough to clarify the complementarities between political and cultural systems.