Application of Slantlet Transform Based Support Vector Machine for Power Quality Detection and Classification

Concern towards power quality (PQ) has increased immensely due to the growing usage of high technology devices which are very sensitive towards voltage and current variations and the de-regulation of the electricity market. The impact of these voltage and current variations can lead to devices malfunction and production stoppages which lead to huge financial loss for the production company. The deregulation of electricity markets has made the industry become more competitive and distributed. Thus, a higher demand on reliability and quality of services will be required by the end customers. To ensure the power supply is at the highest quality, an automatic system for detection and localization of PQ activities in power system network is required. This paper proposed to use Slantlet Transform (SLT) with Support Vector Machine (SVM) to detect and localize several PQ disturbance, i.e. voltage sag, voltage swell, oscillatory-transient, odd-harmonics, interruption, voltage sag plus odd-harmonics, voltage swell plus odd-harmonics, voltage sag plus transient and pure sinewave signal were studied. The analysis on PQ disturbances signals was performed in two steps, which are extraction of feature disturbance and classification of the dis- turbance based on its type. To take on the characteristics of PQ signals, feature vector was constructed from the statistical value of the SLT signal coefficient and wavelets entropy at different nodes. The feature vectors of the PQ disturbances are then applied to SVM for the classification process. The result shows that the proposed method can detect and localize different type of single and multiple power quality signals. Finally, sensitivity of the proposed algorithm under noisy condition is investigated in this paper.

Single-Bit Comparator in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Technology Using Novel QCAXNOR Gates

To fill the continuous needs for faster processing elements with less power consumption causes large pressure on the complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)technology developers.The scaling scenario is not an option nowadays and other technologies need to be investigated.The quantum-dot cellular automata(QCA)technology is one of the important emerging nanotechnologies that have attracted much researchers’attention in recent years.This technology has many interesting features,such as high speed,low power consumption,and small size.These features make it an appropriate alternative to the CMOS technique.This paper suggests three novel structures of XNOR gates in the QCA technology.The presented structures do not follow the conventional approaches to the logic gates design but depend on the inherent capabilities of the new technology.The proposed structures are used as the main building blocks for a single-bit comparator.The resulted circuits are simulated for the verification purpose and then compared with existing counterparts in the literature.The comparison results are encouraging to append the proposed structures to the library of QCA gates.

Design of Security System by Means of Sound Print

Sound Recognition becomes an important tool for intrusion detection or for the monitoring of public premises exposed to personal hostility. It could further identify different sounds. The main idea of the sound recognition process in a security system is to store samples of different sound signals in the memory of the computer as references,?and?to be analyzed with respect to their frequencies components. In this paper, the sound signal of an unknown source would be analyzed and compared with all the available reference samples,?and?then recognition is made according to the closest sample. The developed security system consists of two main parts: the spectrum analyzer that converts the sound signal to spectrograms. It is designed based on the real-time analyzes, and the recognizer which compares the spectrograms and gives the decision of the recognition by using a special criterion. Experimental results prove that the accuracy of the proposed system can be 98.33% for the selected sample of signals.

Application of Conjugate Gradient Approach for Nonlinear Optimal Control Problem with Model-Reality Differences

In this paper, an efficient computational algorithm is proposed to solve the nonlinear optimal control problem. In our approach, the linear quadratic optimal control model, which is adding the adjusted parameters into the model used, is employed. The aim of applying this model is to take into account the differences between the real plant and the model used during the calculation procedure. In doing so, an expanded optimal control problem is introduced such that system optimization and parameter estimation are mutually interactive. Accordingly, the optimality conditions are derived after the Hamiltonian function is defined. Specifically, the modified model-based optimal control problem is resulted. Here, the conjugate gradient approach is used to solve the modified model-based optimal control problem, where the optimal solution of the model used is calculated repeatedly, in turn, to update the adjusted parameters on each iteration step. When the convergence is achieved, the iterative solution approaches to the correct solution of the original optimal control problem, in spite of model-reality differences. For illustration, an economic growth problem is solved by using the algorithm proposed. The results obtained demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm proposed. In conclusion, the applicability of the algorithm proposed is highly recommended.

An Expanded Optimal Control Policy for a Coupled Tanks System with Random Disturbance

In this paper, an expanded optimal control policy is proposed to study the coupled tanks system, where the random disturbance is added into the system. Since the dynamics of the coupled tanks system can be formulated as a nonlinear system, determination of the optimal water level in the tanks is useful for the operation decision. On this point of view, the coupled tanks system dynamics is usually linearized to give the steady state operating height. In our approach, a model-based optimal control problem, which is adding with adjusted parameters, is considered to obtain the true operating height of the real coupled tanks system. During the computation procedure, the differences between the real plant and the model used are measured repeatedly, where the optimal solution of the model used is updated. On this basis, system optimization and parameter estimation are integrated. At the end of the iteration, the iterative solution approximates to the correct optimal solution of the original optimal control problem, in spite of model-reality differences. In conclusion, the efficiency of the approach proposed is shown.

Discrete-Time Nonlinear Stochastic Optimal Control Problem Based on Stochastic Approximation Approach

In this paper, a computational approach is proposed for solving the discrete-time nonlinear optimal control problem, which is disturbed by a sequence of random noises. Because of the exact solution of such optimal control problem is impossible to be obtained, estimating the state dynamics is currently required. Here, it is assumed that the output can be measured from the real plant process. In our approach, the state mean propagation is applied in order to construct a linear model-based optimal control problem, where the model output is measureable. On this basis, an output error, which takes into account the differences between the real output and the model output, is defined. Then, this output error is minimized by applying the stochastic approximation approach. During the computation procedure, the stochastic gradient is established, so as the optimal solution of the model used can be updated iteratively. Once the convergence is achieved, the iterative solution approximates to the true optimal solution of the original optimal control problem, in spite of model-reality differences. For illustration, an example on a continuous stirred-tank reactor problem is studied, and the result obtained shows the applicability of the approach proposed. Hence, the efficiency of the approach proposed is highly recommended.

Safe Power Outlet

The main goal of the safe power outlet project is to make power outlets smart and integrate it to all old and new electrical wiring of homes and offices to eliminate the costs.Using the designed socket,home and office electrical appliances can be smarten and controlled remotely through wireless technology.The device designed in this project,is a smart power outlet that supports Wi-Fi connection and the user can connect directly to it and control it by the specific mobile application.There is no need for any other interfaces such as a modem or router,and the user can connect directly to the device.This is the innovative part of the project making it different from the conventional power outlets on the market.All home and office appliances running on AC power can be connected to a safe outlet directly and without an interface;they can be controlled via wireless network by mobiles.This device smartens all old and conventional outlets without making any changes in wiring.It also enables the control via Wi-Fi on the outlets.

Analysis on Local and Concurrent Commutation Failure of Multi-infeed HVDC Considering Inter-converter Interaction

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of local and concurrent commutation failure(CF)of multi-infeed high-voltage direct current(HVDC)system considering multi-infeed interaction factor(MIIF).The literature indicates that the local CF is not influenced by MIIF,whereas this paper concludes that both the local CF and concurrent CF are influenced by MIIF.The ability of remote converter to work under reduced reactive power enables its feature to support local converter via inter-connection link.The MIIF measures the strength of electrical connectivity between converters.Higher MIIF gives a clearer path to remote converter to support local converter,but at the same time,it provides an easy path to local converter to disturb remote converter under local fault.The presence of nearby converter increases the local commutation failure immunity index(CFII)while reducing concurrent CFII.Higher MIIF causes reactive power support to flow from remote converter to local converter,which reduces the chances of CF.A mathematical approximation to calculate the increase in local CFII for multi-infeed HVDC configurations is also proposed.A power flow approach is used to model the relation between MIIF and reactive power support from remote end.The local and concurrent CFIIs are found to be inverse to each other over MIIF;therefore,it is recommended that there is an optimal value of MIIF for all converters in close electric proximity to maintain CFII at a certain level.The numerical results of established model are compared with PSCAD/EMTDC simulations.The simulation results show the details of the influence of MIIF on local CF and concurrent CF of multi-infeed HVDC,which validates the analysis presented.

Frequency regularization of a linked wind- diesel system using dual structure fuzzy with ultra-capacitor

Microgrids(μ-grids)are gaining increased interest around the world for supplying cheap and clean energy.In this paper,aμ-grid comprising a wind turbine generator(WTG)and diesel generator(DG)is considered.It is one of most practical and demanding systems suitable for the present energy crisis in isolated or rural areas.However,wind energy is intermittent in nature while load demand changes frequently.Therefore,aμ-grid can experience large frequency and power fluctuations.The speed governor of the DG tries to minimize the frequency and power deviations inμ-grid though its operation is slow and cannot adequately minimize system deviations.The paper proposes a novel arrangement based on a dual structured fuzzy(DSF)whose structure changes according to the switching limit with a reduced rule base.It has the capability to switch between proportional and integral actions and hence improves the frequency regularization of theμ-grid.The proposed strategy is tested in aμ-grid and the results considering step load alteration,load alteration at different instants of time,nonstop changing load request are compared with some of the well published methods to validate the effectiveness and simplicity of the present design.In addition,it shows that ultra-capacitor establishment in aμ-grid has a positive impact in minimizing system deviations with DSF for the studied cases.

A Progressive Deployment Strategy for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control to Improve Trafc Dynamics

Cooperative adaptive cruise control(CACC)vehicles are intelligent vehicles that use vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs)to share trafc information in real time.Previous studies have shown that CACC could have an impact on increasing highway capacities at high market penetration.Since reaching a high CACC market penetration level is not occurring in the near future,this study presents a progressive deployment approach that demonstrates to have a great potential of reducing trafc congestions at low CACC penetration levels.Using a previously developed microscopic trafc simulation model of a freeway with an on-ramp—created to induce perturbations and trigger stop-and-go trafc,the CACC system s efect on the trafc performance is studied.The results show signifcance and indicate the potential of CACC systems to improve trafc characteristics which can be used to reduce trafc congestion.The study shows that the impact of CACC is positive and not only limited to a high market penetration.By giving CACC vehicles priority access to high-occupancy vehicle(HOV)lanes,the highway capacity could be signifcantly improved with a CACC penetration as low as 20%.

Rabi antenna using microstrip add-drop multiplexer for electron warp speed investigation

This work presents experimental results of Rabi antenna characteristics using the coupled line microstrip circuit.It was constructed by a modified coupled line microstrip four-port network,which is known as an add-drop multiplexer.The driven AC input enters the device via an input port using the suitable frequency and coupled line microstrip ring radius.The multilevel system is generated by a wave-particle aspect before the two-level system is achieved.At the resonance,the transitions of the states induce the energy called whispering gallery mode(WGM)at the circuit center,which is the squeezed energy.The generated electron oscillation within the WGM envelope oscillated by the frequency is known as the Rabi frequency.By the successive filtering with continuous AC input via the selected port,the electron cloud warp speed can be generated and achieved inside the two-level transition.The constructed microstrip ring radius is 25 mm,and the experimental results of the Rabi antenna characteristics are in good agreement with the simulation results.The obtained resonant antenna oscillation frequency is 2.103 GHz.The electron cloud warp speed of 1.100c and time dilation of 0.006μs are obtained.