A review of data-driven whole-life state of health prediction for lithium-ion batteries:Data preprocessing,aging characteristics,algorithms,and future challenges

Lithium-ion batteries are the preferred green energy storage method and are equipped with intelligent battery management systems(BMSs)that efficiently manage the batteries.This not only ensures the safety performance of the batteries but also significantly improves their efficiency and reduces their damage rate.Throughout their whole life cycle,lithium-ion batteries undergo aging and performance degradation due to diverse external environments and irregular degradation of internal materials.This degradation is reflected in the state of health(SOH)assessment.Therefore,this review offers the first comprehensive analysis of battery SOH estimation strategies across the entire lifecycle over the past five years,highlighting common research focuses rooted in data-driven methods.It delves into various dimensions such as dataset integration and preprocessing,health feature parameter extraction,and the construction of SOH estimation models.These approaches unearth hidden insights within data,addressing the inherent tension between computational complexity and estimation accuracy.To enha nce support for in-vehicle implementation,cloud computing,and the echelon technologies of battery recycling,remanufacturing,and reuse,as well as to offer insights into these technologies,a segmented management approach will be introduced in the future.This will encompass source domain data processing,multi-feature factor reconfiguration,hybrid drive modeling,parameter correction mechanisms,and fulltime health management.Based on the best SOH estimation outcomes,health strategies tailored to different stages can be devised in the future,leading to the establishment of a comprehensive SOH assessment framework.This will mitigate cross-domain distribution disparities and facilitate adaptation to a broader array of dynamic operation protocols.This article reviews the current research landscape from four perspectives and discusses the challenges that lie ahead.Researchers and practitioners can gain a comprehensive understanding of battery SOH estimation methods,offering valuable insights for the development of advanced battery management systems and embedded application research.

Numerical Assessment on Fin Design Parameters Employed for Augmentation of Natural Convection and Fluid Flow in a Horizontal Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Unit

The present work focus on the thermal performance of a horizontal concentric heat exchanger, which is numerically investigated to evaluate the heat transfer enhancement process by adding fins with different configurations. As a part of this investigation, the melting process is simulated from the onset of phase change to the offset involving physics of natural convection in PCM fluid pool. The investigation is carried out by ANSYS Fluent code, which is an efficient numerical analysis tool for investigating fluid flow and convective heat transfer phenomena during PCM melting process. The attention is mainly focused on the extension of contact area between the PCM body and cylindrical capsule to enhance heat transfer rates to PCM bodies during the melting process by employing longitudinal fins in the enclosed capsule. Two commercial PCMs: RT50 and C58, are introduced in a 2D cylindrical pipe with their thermo-physical properties as input for modelling. The selected modelling approach is validated against experimental result with respect to the total enthalpy changes that qualify our model to run in the proceeding calculation. It is ensured that an isothermal boundary condition (373 K) is applied to the inner pipe throughout the series of simulation cases and the corresponding Rayleigh number (Ra) ranges from 104 - 105 and Prandtl number (Pr) 0.05 - 0.07. Finally, parametric study is carried out to evaluate the effect of length, thickness and number of longitudinal fins on the thermal performance of PCM-LHTES (Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage) system associated with the physics of natural convection process during PCM melting.

Design and analysis of a high loss density motor cooling system with water cold plates

Aiming at reducing the difficulty of cooling the interior of high-density motors,this study proposed the placement of a water cold plate cooling structure between the axial laminations of the motor stator.The effect of the cooling water flow,thickness of the plate,and motor loss density on the cooling effect of the water cold plate were studied.To compare the cooling performance of water cold plate and outer spiral water jacket cooling structures,a high-speed permanent magnet motor with a high loss density was used to establish two motor models with the two cooling structures.Consequently,the cooling effects of the two models were analyzed using the finite element method under the same loss density,coolant flow,and main dimensions.The results were as follows.(1)The maximum and average temperatures of the water cold plate structure were reduced by 25.5%and 30.5%,respectively,compared to that of the outer spiral water jacket motor;(2)Compared with the outer spiral water jacket structure,the water cold plate structure can reduce the overall mass and volume of the motor.Considering a 100 kW high-speed permanent magnet motor as an example,a water cold plate cooling system was designed,and the temperature distribution is analyzed,with the result indicating that the cooling structure satisfied the cooling requirements of the high loss density motor.

Design of a Prototype EHD Air Pump for Electronic Chip Cooling Applications

This paper presents the design,optimization and fabrication of an EHD air pump intended for high-power electronic chip cooling applications.Suitable high-voltage electrode configurations were selected and studied,in terms of the characteristics of the generated electric field,which play an important role in ionic wind flow.For this purpose,dedicated software is used to implement finite element analysis.Critical design parameters,such as the electric field intensity,wind velocity,current flow and power consumption are investigated.Two different laboratory prototypes are fabricated and their performances experimentally assessed.This procedure leads to the fabrication of a final prototype,which is then tested as a replacement of a typical fan for cooling a high power density electronic chip.To assist towards that end,an experimental thermal testing setup is designed and constructed to simulate the size of a personal computer’s CPU core of variable power.The parametric study leads to the fabrication of experimental single-stage EHD pumps,the optimal design of which is capable of delivering an air flow of 51 CFM with an operating voltage of 10.5 kV.Finally,the theoretical and experimental results are evaluated and potential applications are proposed.

Biomass production of hybrid aspen growing on former farm land in Sweden

We construct dry weight equations for hybrid aspen growing on former farmland in Sweden. Dry weight equations for fractions of hybrid aspen trees were also made. We estimated biomass production in 24 stands. The stands were located in Sweden at latitudes ranging from 55 to 60o N. The mean age was 18 years （range 15-23）, the mean stand density 1090 stems·ha-1 （range 378 2374）, and the mean diameter at breast height （over bark） 178 mm （range 85 244 mm）. Soil types in the hybrid aspen stands were mainly clay （21 stands）, tills （2 stands） and other （1 stand）. The mean total standing dry weight above stump level （≈ 200 mm） for the hybrid aspen stands was 135±53 t·ha-1 with a range of 42 219 t·ha-1 . In addition to estimating conventional dry weights of trees and tree components, basic density, specific leaf area （SLA）, projected leaf area （PLA） and leaf area index （LAI） were estimated and were in agreement with published figures.

Confined synthesis of MoS_(2) with rich co-doped edges for enhanced hydrogen evolution performance

Activating MoS_(2) with atomic metal doping is promising to harvest desirable Pt-matched hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalytic performance.Herein,we developed an efficient method to access edgerich lattice-distorted MoS_(2) for highly efficient HER via in-situ sulphuration of atomic Co/Mo species that were well-dispersed in a formamide-derived N-doped carbonaceous(f-NC)substrate.Apart from others,pre-embedding Co/Mo species in f-NC controls the release of metal sources upon annealing in S vapor,grafting the as-made MoS_(2) with merits of short-range crystallinity,distorted lattices,rich defects,and more edges exposed.The content of atomic Co species embedded in MoS_(2) reaches up to 2.85 at.%,and its atomic dispersion has been systematically confirmed by using XRD,HRTEM,XPS,and XAS characterizations.The Co-doped MoS_(2) sample exhibits excellent HER activity,achieving overpotentials of 67 and155 m V at j=10 m A cm^(-2) in 1.0 M KOH and 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4),respectively.Density functional theory simulations suggest that,compared with free-doping MoS_(2),the edged Co doping is responsible for the significantly improved HER activity.Our method,in addition to providing reliable Pt-matched HER catalysts,may also inspire the general synthesis of edge-rich metal-doped metal chalcogenide for a wide range of energy conversion applications.

Fabrication, Characterization and Thermophysical Property Evaluation of SiC Nanofluids for Heat Transfer Applications

Nanofluids(NFs) are nanotechnology-based colloidal suspensions fabricated by suspending nanoparticles(NPs) in a base liquid. These fluids have shown potential to improve the heat transfer properties of conventional heat transfer fluids. In this study we report in detail on fabrication, characterization and thermo-physical property evaluation of SiC NFs, prepared using SiC NPs with different crystal structures,for heat transfer applications. For this purpose, a series of SiC NFs containing SiC NPs with different crystal structure(α-SiC and β-SiC) were fabricated in a water(W)/ethylene glycol(EG) mixture(50/50 wt%ratio). Physicochemical properties of NPs/NFs were characterized by using various techniques, such as powder X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), dynamic light scattering(DLS) and Zeta potential analysis.Thermo-physical properties including thermal conductivity(TC) and viscosity for NFs containing SiC particles(α- and β- phase) weremeasured. The results show among all suspensions NFs fabricated with α-SiC particles have more favorable thermo-physical properties compared to the NFs fabricated with β-SiC.The observed difference is attributed to combination of several factors, including crystal structure(β- vs. α-), sample purity,and residual chemicals exhibited on SiC NFs. A TC enhancement of ～20% while 14% increased viscosity were obtained for NFs containing 9 wt% of particular type of α-SiC NPs indicating promising capability of this kind of NFs for further heat transfer characteristics investigation.

A Review of Power Electronics for Wind Power

The paper reviews the power electronic applications for wind energy systems.Main wind turbine systems with different generators and power electronic converters are described.The electrical topologies of wind farms with power electronic conversion are discussed.Power electronic applications for improving the performance of wind turbines and wind farms in power systems have been illustrated.

Improved Rotor Flux Observer for Sensorless Control of PMSM with Adaptive Harmonic Elimination and Phase Compensation

In this paper,a sensorless control strategy of a permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM)based on an improved rotor flux observer(IFO)is proposed.Due to the unknown integral initial value and the high harmonics caused by current sampling and inverter nonlinearities,the flux linkage estimated by traditional rotor flux observer may be inaccurate.In order to address these issues,a self-adaptive band-pass filter(SABPF)is designed to eliminate the DC component and high-frequency harmonics of the estimated equivalent rotor flux linkage.Furthermore,in order to avoid that the design of PI parameter is influenced by the amplitude of equivalent rotor flux linkage,an improved phase-locked loop(IPLL)is employed to obtain the rotor speed and to normalize the estimated equivalent rotor flux linkage.In addition,angle shift caused by an SABPF is compensated to improve the accuracy of the estimated flux linkage angle.Besides,the parameter robustness of this method is analyzed in detail.Finally,simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and parameter robustness of the proposed method.

Rural Water Supply Management and Sustainability: The Case of Adama Area, Ethiopia

Wise utilization of water resources is becoming very important as world faces water crises. The main objective of this study was to investigate the rural water supply systems with case study in Adama area, in central Ethiopia. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Four sample water schemes were selected and totally 148 (63 were female) representative households were selected for answering the questionnaires. Key informant interviews and group discussions were also conducted. The study assessed issues such as community participation, water committee empowerment, management and governance of water supply schemes, women participation, functional status of water supply scheme, sanitation and hygiene issues, external support, and monitoring system of water supply schemes. The findings indicated that the community participation in planning and implementation was very good while monitoring mechanism of operation and management as well as community participation on choice of technology was poor. The water schemes were located at reasonable distances i.e. less than 2 km in most cases and the time taken for round trip to fetch water from source was less than or equal to 30 minutes in most cases, however the queuing time was more than an hour. The water supply was inadequate as only about 15% of beneficiaries could get 20 liters of water per day per capita. The water sources were exposed in many cases to human waste, wild life, livestock and uncontrolled flooding. Sanitary practices in the study area were poor as only about 3.4% had ventilated and improved pit latrine and open pit and/or open field defecation were widely practiced.

Conversion of Sugarcane Shoots and Leaves into Reducing Sugars by Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Sugarcane shoots and leaves consist of 38% cellulose, 30.6% hemicellulose and 12.8% lignin on dry solid （DS） basis and have the potential to serve as low cost feedstocks for ethanol production. The pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis conditions include particle size, alkali （NaOH）/dilute acid （H2SO4） pretreatment, chemical and substrate concentrations, temperature, autoclaving time for pretreatment, enzyme concentration, pH and temperature for hydrolysis varied were evaluated for conversion of sugarcane shoots and leaves cellulose and hemicellulose to reducing sugar. The optimum conditions were accomplished by using 14% w/v DS of 0-10 mm sugarcane shoots and leaves in particle size, pretreated with 1.5% w/v of dilute sulfuric acid at 121℃, 15 lbs/in2 for 15 min and enzymatic saccharification using 40 FPU/g DS cellulose at 50℃ and pH 5, After incubating at 160 rpm for 12 hrs, 59 g/L or 386,38 mg/g DS of reducing sugar and 50.69% saccharification were obtained.

Protection of Low Voltage CIGRE Distribution Network

High quality electricity services are the prime objectives in the modern power systems around the world. One of the main players to achieve this is the protection of the system which needs to be fast, reliable and cost effective. The study about the protection of the Low Voltage (LV) CIGRE distribution grid and networks like this has been proposed in this paper. The main objective of this paper is to develop protection against short circuit faults which might appear anywhere in the network. The protection of the power networks that comprises of renewable energy generation units is complicated because of the bidirectional flow of the current and is a challenge for the protection engineers. The selection of the protection devices in this paper is made to protect the network against faults in grid connected and island mode of operation. Ultra-fast fuses are proposed in order to protect the inverters used for Photovoltaic (PV) and battery applications. The disconnection of the PV solar panels when in island mode is made by proposing switch disconnecting devices. ABB is currently using these kinds of disconnection devices for the purpose of protecting solar panels against over voltages in the case of islanding. The over speed protection of the existing Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) in the CIGRE network in case of grid loss is also proposed in this paper.

Effect of Transport Time and Handling on Physiological Responses of Cattle

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of transport time （up to 11 hours） on animal welfare. 540 animals （cows, bulls and calves）, three transport times of 2, 4 to 6, and 10 to 11 hours, and two space allowances （2 m2 and 1.5 m2 per animal for cows and bulls; and 1.2 m2 and 0.8 m2 per animal for calves） were used for the experiment during transport from farms to the abattoir in Uppsala, Sweden. Measurements were made on five animals on each trip. Stress response parameters considered were cortisol, glucose, lactate, creatine kinase and heart rate. Blood samples were taken before and after transport. Heart rate sensors were mounted on the animals at least 30 minutes before loading and measurements were made continuously from farms to the abattoirs until stunning. The results of heart rate measurement indicated that loading, un-loading and forced movement in the stunning box were the most stressful events. However, the results of statistical analysis confirmed that transport time doesn＇t have significant effect （P 〈 0.05） on heart rate. Concentration level of cortisol increased by 10 folds during short transport. However, cortisol concentration decreased with an increase of transport times （P 〈 0.01）. Glucose concentrations increased with transport time in all animal categories （P ≤ 0.01）. Transport time has significant effect on concentration levels of glucose （P ≤ 0.01）, creatine kinase （P 〈 0.001） and lactate （P 〈 0.01） particularly after 6 hours journey time.

Analysis of 3.4 Ah lithium-sulfur pouch cells by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Despite great progress in lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries, the electrochemical reactions in the cell are not yet fully understood. Electrode processes, complex interfaces and internal resistance may be characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). EIS is a non-destructive technique and easy to apply, though there are challenges in ensuring the reproducibility of measurements and the interpretation of impedance data. Here, we present the impedance behavior of a 3.4 Ah Li-S pouch cell characterized by EIS. The impedance changes were analyzed over the entire depth-of-discharge, depth-of-charge,and at various temperatures. Based on the formation of intermediates during(dis)charging, the changes of resistances are observed. Overall, the increase in temperature causes a decrease in electrolyte viscosity,lowering the surface energy which can improve the penetration of the electrolyte into the electrode pores. Moreover, the effect of superimposed AC current during EIS measurement was analyzed, and the results show the dependence of the charge transfer resistance on superimposed AC current which was lower compared to steady-state conditions and consents with theory.

Mitigation of Unbalanced Voltage Sags and Voltage Unbalance in CIGRE Low Voltage Distribution Network

Any problem with voltage in a power network is undesirable as it aggravates the quality of the power. Power electronic devices such as Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) etc. can be used to mitigate the voltage problems in the distribution system. The voltage problems dealt with in this paper are to show how to mitigate unbalanced voltage sags and voltage unbalance in the CIGRE Low Voltage (LV) test network and networks like this. The voltage unbalances, for the tested cases in the CIGRE LV test network are mainly due to single phase loads and due to unbalanced faults. The compensation of unbalanced voltage sags and voltage unbalance in the CIGRE distribution network is done by using the four STATCOM compensators already existing in the test grid. The simulations are carried out in DIgSILENT power factory software version 15.0.

Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Alkali-Acid Pretreated Sugarcane Trash to Ethanol

The Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation （SSF） of alkali-acid pretreated sugarcane trash to ethanol was optimized using commercial cellulase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5596 cells. Substrate concentration （12.5% w/v, 15% w/v, 17.5% w/v and 20% w/v）, enzyme loading （25 FPU/g Dry Substrate （DS）, 50 FPU/g DS and 75 FPU/g DS）, and temperature （30 ~C, 35 ~C and 40 ~C） were evaluated. The SSF optimal conditions for alkali-acid pretreated sugarcane trash were 20% w/v of substrate concentration, enzyme loading 50 FPU/g DS, temperature 35 ~C, initial pH 5.0 and yeast inoculum 107 cells/mL. Under the above optimal conditions, ethanol concentration was possible to reach in the range between 50.14 g/L and 55.08 g/L at 96 hrs and 144 hrs, respectively. This study could establish the effective utilization of sugarcane trash for bioethanol production using optimized fermentation parameters.

An Autonomous Electric Powered Tractor--Simulation of All Operations on a Swedish Dairy Farmagricultural m machinery. This s study investig gated the feasib bility of an au utonomous batte ery electric tra actor through simulation. The e

For a conventional agricultural tractor the main environmental effects origina ates from the usage phase, more specifically from the diesel use and exhausts. To decre ease the environ nmental effect, it is vital to find a substitute for fossil diesel as a fuel for agricultural machinery. This s study investig gated the feasib bility of an autonomous battery electric tractor through simulation. The simulated farm is an organic dairy farm of 200 ha with five crops in the crop rotation cycle and a traditional plough among the used implements. Based on the res sult from the simulation cost calculations, sensitivity analysi is and a limited life cycle analysis （LCA） was made. The results show that it is in theory possible to replace a conventional tractor （160 kW） with two autonomous battery powered machines （36 kW engine, 113 kWh battery） with 15% lower costs. Energy consumption would be red duced by 58% a and greenhouse gas emissions by 92% compared to diesel when energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from battery manufacturing were included. Today the technology for autonom mous control is under fast development, but there are yet no systems on the market that can handle all machinery tasks like assumed in this study. Challenges yet to solve are , among others, legislative, relevant sensors, logistics and fleet management. Further rese earch is needed to verify the results in practical farming.

Effect of Transport Times on Welfare of Pigs

The aim of the study was to investigate effect of transport times of up to 12 h on pigs＇ welfare. An observation box was located on the 3rd floor of the vehicle. Device to measure temperature, humidity and video camera to monitor pigs＇ behaviors were fitted in the box. Eighteen measurements were performed during two seasons for 4, 8, and 12 h of transport time with three replications. Meat samples were taken from longissimus dorsi （LD） and the carcases were chilled for 24 h at ＋4 ~C for pH determination. To determine cortisol, glucose, lactate, and creatine kinase concentration levels, blood samples were collected before and after transport from 90 pigs and from 20 controls that were not transported for control purposes. To evaluate behavioural alterations, frequency of events and durations were considered. Highest pH24 of 5.99 ＋ 0.29 occurred during summer at 12 h transport time. Cortisol concentrations elevated during short and decreased with an increase of transport time （P 〈 0.001）. Highest and lowest glucose concentrations for winter and summer were at 8 and 12 h transport time, respectively （P 〈 0.01）. Concentrations of lactate and creatine kinase positively correlated with transport time （P 〈 0.002）. Lying, sitting, rooting and vocalization behaviours correlated with transport time （P 〈 0.009）. Certain THI values during summer surpassed normal （〉 74） level during loading. The pH24 value correlated with transport time during summer. Lactate and creatine kinase concentrations increased with an increase in transport time but for Glucose, highest value was at 8 h transport time.

Effect of Commercial Cellulase Enzymes on Ethanol Production from Pretreated Rice Straw at High Solid Loading

Effect of commercial cellulose enzymes was investigated by batch enzymatic hydrolysis at 15.0% （w/v） solid. It was found that the best commercial cellulose enzyme was Cellic（R） CTec comparing to Accellerase 1000TM and Accelerase 1500TM. The Cellic（R） CTec gave the highest reducing sugar concentration and rice straw conversion. Moreover, when the hydrolysate obtained from hydrolysis using Cellic（R） CTec was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5596, it would give the highest ethanol. In this study, the Cellic（R） CTec was used for fed-batch prehydrolysis prior to ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation （SSF） way at 20% （w/v） solid loading. It could produce 35.76 g/L or 4.6% （v/v） of ethanol concentration and 83.67 L/ton dry matter （DM） of yield.

Groundwater Utilisation for Energy Production in the Nordic Environment: An Energy Simulation and Hydrogeological Modelling Approach

Groundwater provides one option to utilise renewable energy sources. The long-term groundwater energy potential for three building complexes, situated at latitude of 64°, was investigated by combining an energy demand simulation for the buildings with hydrogeological modelling. First, a reference year for the building energy demand was created. Secondly, groundwater flow requirements were calculated. The results of the previous stages were utilised in groundwater heat transport modelling in an environment where the natural temperature of groundwater was 4.9°C. Finally, the long-term (50 years) groundwater energy potential was calculated. The groundwater maintained its heating potential during 50 years of operation. When both heating and cooling power were demanded, the long-term pumping rate of groundwater decreased by 60,000 m3/a. Energy utilisation created a cold groundwater plume downstream, in which the temperature decreased by 1 to 2.5°C within a distance of 300 m from the site. Groundwater can provide a long-term energy source for large building complexes in the Nordic climate. Results indicate that groundwater could effectively be utilised until the temperature reaches approximately 4°C. Accurate information on the building energy demand and hydrogeology is essential for successful operation.