Energy Consumption Analysis and Characterization of Aerospace Manufacturing Facilities in the United States–A Step towards Sustainable Development

In this study,information on energy usage in the United States(U.S.)aerospace manufacturing sector has been analyzed and then represented as energy intensities(kWh/m2)to establish benchmark data and to compare facilities of varying sizes.First,public sources were identified and the data from these previously published sources were aggregated to determine the energy usage of aerospace manufacturing facilities within the U.S.From this dataset,a sample of 28 buildings were selected and the energy intensity for each building was estimated from the data.Next,as a part of this study the energy data for three additional aerospace manufacturing facilities in the U.S.were collected firsthand.That data was analyzed and the energy intensity(kWh/m2)for each facility was calculated and then compared with the energy intensities of the 28 buildings from the sample.Three different indicators of energy consumption in aerospace manufacturing facilities were used as comparators to assist facility managers with determining potential energy savings and help in the decision-making process.On average,aerospace manufacturing facilities in the United States spent 4 cents for each dollar of sale on energy.The energy intensity(kWh/m2)and the power intensity(W/m2)for each facility were calculated based on the actual facility energy bills.The power intensity for these facilities ranges from 34 to 134 W/m2.The energy intensity ranged from 232 to 949 kWh/m2.We found that the power intensity could be used to estimate energy consumption when the annual operating hours of the facility are considered.and to estimate the energy-related carbon dioxide emissions.

不同镁含量Al-Si-Cu合金半固态加工的组织演变（英文）

采用传统铸造工艺制备了一系列Al-6Si-3Cu-(0.3-2)Mg合金。采用倾斜冷却法制备原料,然后在液相分数为50%时进行触变成形。研究镁含量对铸态和半固态条件下Al-Si-Cu合金显微组织的的影响。研究结果表明,在Al-Si-Cu合金中添加镁,形成Al_5Cu_2Mg_3Si_5和Mg_2Si相,消耗了部分Al_2Cu相和Si。添加Mg后,针状β-Al_5FeSi相转变成汉字状的π-Al8Mg3Fe Si6相。对于铸态合金,初生α(Al)为树枝晶,随着Mg含量的增加,树枝晶逐渐减少。此外,镁的添加可明显减小α(Al)晶粒,但对硅的形貌无明显影响。对于触变成形合金,合金的显微组织为细小的球状初生相,且均匀分布硅和碎片状的金属间化合物。共晶硅由薄片状和针状转变成细小纤维状粒子。镁对半固态加工合金的共晶硅作用明显。Mg_2Si初生粒子由多边形粒子转变成细小球状粒子,而汉字状π-Al_8Mg_3FeSi_6转变成紧凑结构。随着A319合金中Mg含量的增加,触变成形合金的硬度、屈服强度和抗拉强度均增加,而伸长率降低。