This paper scrutinizes the differences in the conceptualization of love between Korean and American women.Grounded in an analysis of literary figures,Brett and Kim Ji-young,the study unravels the intricate interplay o...This paper scrutinizes the differences in the conceptualization of love between Korean and American women.Grounded in an analysis of literary figures,Brett and Kim Ji-young,the study unravels the intricate interplay of cultural,historical,and societal forces shaping these perspectives.The contrasting landscapes of the United States,driven by ideals of freedom and individualism,and Korea,entrenched in Confucian values and collectivism,serve as crucibles for forming women’s roles,self-perception,and societal expectations.The examination extends to communication styles,illuminating the directness of American expression versus Korea’s reliance on formalism.Through this exploration,the paper illustrates the profound impact of cultural contexts on the intricate tapestry of love,offering a nuanced understanding of divergent viewpoints within a global context.展开更多
The adequacy of language education largely depends on the favorable and unfavorable emotions that teachers and students experience throughout the education process.Simply said,emotional factors play a key role in impr...The adequacy of language education largely depends on the favorable and unfavorable emotions that teachers and students experience throughout the education process.Simply said,emotional factors play a key role in improving the quality of language teaching and learning.Furthermore,these emotional factors also promote the well-being of language teachers and learners and place them in a suitable mental condition.In view of the favorable impact of emotional factors on the mental health of language teachers and learners,many educational scholars around the world have studied these factors,their background,and their pedagogical consequences.Nonetheless,the majority of previous studies have employed traditional research methods in assessing these variables and their influences on language teachers’and learners’mental health.Because of the complex and dynamic quality of emotional factors,traditional research approaches often fail to evaluate these factors and their dynamic,non-linear connections with teachers’and learners’mental health and well-being.Accordingly,some novel research approaches are required to measure the dynamicity and complexity of emotional factors in language education settings.To address this call,the current state-of-the-art conceptual article seeks to provide new insights for investigating emotional factors and their potential impact on language teachers’and learners’mental states.This study also intends to offer a comprehensive list of emerging methods that take into account the complex and dynamic nature of emotional variables.Finally,the study outlines the potential implications of this review for educational researchers.展开更多
Introduction and Objective: The aim of this research was to find out the interaction of anthropometric measurements particularly body mass and oral health status of Turkish young adult nationals regionally, depending ...Introduction and Objective: The aim of this research was to find out the interaction of anthropometric measurements particularly body mass and oral health status of Turkish young adult nationals regionally, depending on the effects of diet (food and fluid consumption), smoking and tooth brushing habits, which were determined by using the body mass index (BMI) and dental health index (DMFT). Material and Methods: The BMI and DMFT of 202 cases, with an age average 22.5 years, were recorded through physical and clinical examinations. Statistical evaluation of the data was checked by Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Scale and performed by analysis of variance, Somer’s d and Pearson Chi-Square statistics, Poisson Regression and Odds Ratio analysis. Results: The results showed that the mean of BMI was at the optimum level (21.52) for all cases. The DMFT was higher for underweight females and for overweight males. The mean of DMFT according to sexes seemingly had no significant difference;however, females had 8.6% more DMFT than males. When the risk factors of dental caries were evaluated, the DMFT was found as 19.3% more for cases consuming high carbohydrate foods, 4.5% more for high beverage consumption and 18% more for smokers. Conclusions: In conclusion, tooth brushing 3 or more times a day is necessary to decrease the DMFT and tooth brushing 3 times a day as opposed to 1 or 2 times shows significant difference regarding oral health.展开更多
AIM: To develop an Arabic version of the ocular surface disease index(OSDI) and to assess its reliability and validity.METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out to validate the Arabic version of the OSDI questi...AIM: To develop an Arabic version of the ocular surface disease index(OSDI) and to assess its reliability and validity.METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out to validate the Arabic version of the OSDI questionnaire. Initially, forward-backward translation was used to translate the English version of OSDI into Arabic. The translated questionnaire was tested for equivalence and cultural adaptability. Totally 200 subjects were then recruited from a non-clinical population and asked to complete the Arabic version of the OSDI(ARB-OSDI). The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s-α. A subgroup of 30 participants was asked to complete the questionnaire on two occasions to test the test-retest reliability.RESULTS: A total of 200 participants were enrolled in the study. The average age of the study participants was 31.21±13.2 y and 57% were male. An acceptable internal consistency level for the ARB-OSDI questionnaire measured by Cronbach’s-α was revealed. All questions showed good internal consistency. Test-retest reliability analysis revealed good stability(interclass correlation coefficient, r=0.832, P<0.001). The construct validity for the questionnaire was also high.CONCLUSION: The ARB-OSDI questionnaire shows very good psychometric properties(acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability). That makes the questionnaire a valid potential tool to use in Arabic-speaking countries to monitor symptoms of dry eye disease in a larger population.展开更多
This study seeks to gain an insight into political speech subtitle,focusing on de/legitimation as a macro-linguistic discursive strategy reflecting micro-linguistic discursive strategies so as to exemplify as to how s...This study seeks to gain an insight into political speech subtitle,focusing on de/legitimation as a macro-linguistic discursive strategy reflecting micro-linguistic discursive strategies so as to exemplify as to how such a discursive representation could be mediated through translation as a socio-communicative action and translation studies as a growing interdisciplinary field of inquiry.To this end,a twofold theoretical framework at both macro-linguistic and micro-linguistic levels is employed-consisting of a quadruple categorization of legitimation developed by Van Leeuwen(2008)[38]on political discourse(PD)and Fairclough's(2003)[12]critical discourse analysis(CDA)model on linguistic modality-to analyze one of the political speeches delivered by the Iranian former president Mahmood Ahmadinejad and subtitled into English by MEMRITV(Middle East Media Research Institute TV).The results,confirming political discourse and its translation as a means of de/legitimation,indicate that although there are no overt manipulations regarding the discourse of de/legitimation in the target text(TT),the manipulation of micro-linguistic device of modality constitutes a degree of covert manipulation of de-legitimizing discourse,altering the author's(the source text enunciator's)commitment to truth.It is concluded that viewing translation of political discourse as a means of de/legitimization in the context of micro-linguistic aspects such as modality could probably open a fruitful avenue to discourse studies in general and translation studies in particular.However,to comparatively achieve more reliable and informative results,adopting eclectic approaches to the critical study of PD seems to be more promising.展开更多
Drawing on reader-response criticism,this article aims at analyzing the aesthetic receptive experience of teaching imagery through painting/drawing.We argue that such an approach helps students transcend the limitatio...Drawing on reader-response criticism,this article aims at analyzing the aesthetic receptive experience of teaching imagery through painting/drawing.We argue that such an approach helps students transcend the limitations of written words by deconstructing the text and reconstructing the meaning,which,in turn,enriches students’creativity,free-thinking,and ability to describe sensory experiences.Our approach,in this case,is a medium of meta-reflection through which students undergo the aesthetic experience while painting/drawing mediates between the text and students’unconscious mind.The role of reader-response through painting/drawing is to unravel the relational structures that mark this creative process.To this end,we applied this method to an undergraduate class of poetry at Taibah University,Saudi Arabia.The sample consisted of forty-four undergraduate students,who were asked to re-present Robert Frost’s poem,“After Apple-Picking,”in painting/drawing.To analyze the students’act of reading,the participants were asked to write reflection letters on how they felt throughout the process of preparing their portraits and,consequently,their replies were used in analyzing their portraits.The study presents a replicable model for application to other genres and literary texts.展开更多
In this article,we examine the syntactic derivation of subject wh-words in Jordanian Arabic.Firstly,we provide empirical evidence that questions with a subject wh-word are syntactically derived by overt movement of th...In this article,we examine the syntactic derivation of subject wh-words in Jordanian Arabic.Firstly,we provide empirical evidence that questions with a subject wh-word are syntactically derived by overt movement of the given subject wh-word to the left periphery.This empirical evidence is based on the position of the subject wh-words to the left of the high IP adverbials,including epistemic adverbials and evidentials,as well as the position of the subject wh-words relative to topical elements.Secondly,we examine the intriguing ban on the use of subject wh-words in VSO sentences although non-interrogative subjects are permitted to occur in such clauses,and other wh-words may appear in their thematic positions(given the appropriate context).We show that this ban results from the effects of a proposed economy-driven condition that disallows the use of an expletive(to fill Spec,TP)while the thematic subject is available(in Spec,vP).Additionally,we show that this ban results from the interactions of the effects of criterial freezing and the conditions that licence elements in the low IP area.展开更多
The speed of spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 led to global lockdowns and disruptions in the academic sector.The study examined the impact of mobile technology on physics education during lockdowns.Data were collect...The speed of spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 led to global lockdowns and disruptions in the academic sector.The study examined the impact of mobile technology on physics education during lockdowns.Data were collected through an online survey and later evaluated using regression tools,frequency,and an analysis of variance(ANOVA).The findings revealed that the usage of mobile technology had statistically significant effects on physics instructors’and students’academics during the coronavirus lockdown.Most of the participants admitted that the use of mobile technologies such as smartphones,laptops,PDAs,Zoom,mobile apps,etc.were very useful and helpful for continued education amid the pandemic restrictions.Online teaching is very effective during lock-down with smartphones and laptops on different platforms.The paper brings the limelight to the growing power of mobile technology solutions in physics education.展开更多
Vowel contexts are shown to influence the perceived distinction of sibilants at different places,e.g.,with alveolar vs.palatal sibilants perceptually less distinct in the [_i] context than in the [_a] context This stu...Vowel contexts are shown to influence the perceived distinction of sibilants at different places,e.g.,with alveolar vs.palatal sibilants perceptually less distinct in the [_i] context than in the [_a] context This study investigates if this pattern holds across different sibilant place contrasts,e.g.,an alveolar-palatal contrast vs.an alveolar-retroflex contrast.Twenty-four listeners completed a speeded-AX discrimination task in which the stimuli were the sound pairs [si-ci][sa-ca][si-si][sa-sa],which aimed to access the relative psychoacoustic distinction of these pairs.The [si-ci] pair turned out to introduce a lower accuracy and a longer response time than the other pairs,with no response time difference among the other three.Assuming a longer response time to indicate less perceptual distinctiveness,the results confirm the observation in the literature that a [si-ci] pair is perceptually less distinct than a [sa-ca] pair;the lack of difference in [si-si] vs.[sa-sa] suggests that the[_i] context does not reduce the perceived sibilant place distinction across all places.There seems to be a trading relation between the effect of vowel context (e.g.,a reduced distinction in the [_i] context) and the relative acoustic difference between sibilants when evaluating the distinctiveness of a CV pair.展开更多
A typological survey across Chinese dialects reveals that,in the[i]context,the place contrasts of dental vs.palatal affricates(i.e.,[tsi-t■i]and[ts^(h)i-t■^(h)i])imply the place contrast of fricatives(i.e.,[si-■i])...A typological survey across Chinese dialects reveals that,in the[i]context,the place contrasts of dental vs.palatal affricates(i.e.,[tsi-t■i]and[ts^(h)i-t■^(h)i])imply the place contrast of fricatives(i.e.,[si-■i]).Assuming a connection between the implicational relation of phonological contrasts and perceptual distinction,this study examines the relative perceptual distinction of the sound pairs[tsi-t■i][ts^(h)i-t■^(h)i]and[si-■i]through a speeded-AX discrimination experiment.The results showed that the discrimination accuracy of the[tsi-t■i]and[ts^(h)i-t■^(h)i]pairs is significantly lower than that of the[si-■i]pair,indicating that the former two pairs are perceptually less distinct than the latter pair.The results lend support to the contention that a sound pair in the unmarked category tends to be perceptually more distinct than its counterpart in a marked category.展开更多
Fighting corruption has been a signature theme in the governance of China since Xi Jinping became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CCCPC)in 2012.Among the extensive attention ...Fighting corruption has been a signature theme in the governance of China since Xi Jinping became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CCCPC)in 2012.Among the extensive attention from academic and policy discourse to this unprecedented anti-corruption elfort in CPC's history,there are studies that take the one-sided view that the effort under way is not anti-corruption in its strict sense as it relies on the Party mechanism rather than the legal system,scripted,and calculated for the narrow self-interest of factional power enhancement.Reviewing contemporary fundamental anti-corruption discourses,anchored in critical discourse analysis,and assisted by 134 circulars of intra-Party disciplinary punishments of corrupt high-ranking officials(“tigers”,dalaohu),this interdisciplinary study reveals that,by contrast,China adopts an integrated approach to corruption,which incorporates republican and liberal-rationalist beliefs and values.Specifically,it is characterized by CCCPC as leadership,the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection as political agency,both following a mentality of the rule of law,and by the coordination between intra-Party disciplinary rules and state laws.This approach is appropriate because it conceptualizes corruption by targeting the main feature of the corruption-related problem.This study contributes from a discoursal perspective to the understanding of China's anti-corruption in the Xi Jinping Era.展开更多
To the Editor:Access to antiretroviral drugs for all human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infected persons in need is a global health priority.The primary goal of initiating antiretroviral therapy(ART)among HIV patients i...To the Editor:Access to antiretroviral drugs for all human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infected persons in need is a global health priority.The primary goal of initiating antiretroviral therapy(ART)among HIV patients is to suppress HIV viral replication and to restore immune function.展开更多
对一门语言语音系统的习得包括对其音位配列规律的习得,前人研究中广泛地发现了已习得语言音位配列规律对语音感知的影响。例如Dupoux et al.(1999)对日语母语者的感知研究发现,他们在听辅音丛(*CC)时,可能在中间幻听到元音,这与日语中...对一门语言语音系统的习得包括对其音位配列规律的习得,前人研究中广泛地发现了已习得语言音位配列规律对语音感知的影响。例如Dupoux et al.(1999)对日语母语者的感知研究发现,他们在听辅音丛(*CC)时,可能在中间幻听到元音,这与日语中不允许辅音丛(*CC)有关。本研究关注粤语—英语双语者在感知音段序列时,是否会受到粤语和英语的影响。我们的实验设计以Dupoux et al.(1999)为基础。被试为20位粤英双语使用者,他们的第一语言为粤语,从4岁左右开始习得英语作为第二语言。实验刺激项是形为V_(1)C_(1)(V_(x))V_(2)C_(2)的假词,其中元音辅音是英语和粤语中常见的音段;刺激项中一半刺激项里C_(1)C_(2)的组合对应英语中存在的音节首辅音丛,例如[kl,gl],另一半刺激项里C_(1)C_(2)对应英语音节首中不存在的辅音丛,例如[km,gm];假词中间V_(x)的时长分为连续统上的六个长度,从0毫秒(即无元音)到95毫秒。每听到一个假词,被试判断C_(1)C_(2)中间是否有元音存在。经过线性混合模型的检验,实验结果显示:(1)就元音V_(x)的时长而言,时长越长,被试感知到元音的概率越高;(2)在V_(x)为0毫秒(即没有元音)时,粤英双语被试仍然在一定程度上感知到元音;(3)当C_(1)C_(2)组合对应英语中存在的音节首辅音丛时,例如[kl,gl],被试感知到元音的概率显著低于当C1 C2组合对应英语音节首中不存在的辅音丛的情况,例如[km,gm];(4)元音时长和C_(1)C_(2)是否对应英语辅音丛之间没有交互作用。实验结果(2)表明,在粤英双语使用者感知音段序列时,粤语的声韵搭配规律在起作用,这和Dupoux et al.(1999)等实验中日语母语者在辅音丛(*CC)中间幻听到元音相似;实验结果(3)表明,英语的音位配列规律也在起作用,影响被试的判断,使其在C_(1)C_(2)对应英语音节首辅音丛时,相对来说不易察觉到中间的元音V_(x)。另一方面,单就被试在V_(x)为0毫秒条件下的表现而言,其幻听到元音的概率低于Dupoux et al.(1999)实验中日语被试的相应概率,同时又略高于该实验中法语被试的相应概率。这似乎说明,被试的粤语和英语两种语言的音位配列规律存在相互作用,同时影响着被试对辅音间元音的感知。展开更多
文摘This paper scrutinizes the differences in the conceptualization of love between Korean and American women.Grounded in an analysis of literary figures,Brett and Kim Ji-young,the study unravels the intricate interplay of cultural,historical,and societal forces shaping these perspectives.The contrasting landscapes of the United States,driven by ideals of freedom and individualism,and Korea,entrenched in Confucian values and collectivism,serve as crucibles for forming women’s roles,self-perception,and societal expectations.The examination extends to communication styles,illuminating the directness of American expression versus Korea’s reliance on formalism.Through this exploration,the paper illustrates the profound impact of cultural contexts on the intricate tapestry of love,offering a nuanced understanding of divergent viewpoints within a global context.
基金supported by Nanjing Normal University’s New Liberal Arts Research and Reform Project in 2021.
文摘The adequacy of language education largely depends on the favorable and unfavorable emotions that teachers and students experience throughout the education process.Simply said,emotional factors play a key role in improving the quality of language teaching and learning.Furthermore,these emotional factors also promote the well-being of language teachers and learners and place them in a suitable mental condition.In view of the favorable impact of emotional factors on the mental health of language teachers and learners,many educational scholars around the world have studied these factors,their background,and their pedagogical consequences.Nonetheless,the majority of previous studies have employed traditional research methods in assessing these variables and their influences on language teachers’and learners’mental health.Because of the complex and dynamic quality of emotional factors,traditional research approaches often fail to evaluate these factors and their dynamic,non-linear connections with teachers’and learners’mental health and well-being.Accordingly,some novel research approaches are required to measure the dynamicity and complexity of emotional factors in language education settings.To address this call,the current state-of-the-art conceptual article seeks to provide new insights for investigating emotional factors and their potential impact on language teachers’and learners’mental states.This study also intends to offer a comprehensive list of emerging methods that take into account the complex and dynamic nature of emotional variables.Finally,the study outlines the potential implications of this review for educational researchers.
文摘Introduction and Objective: The aim of this research was to find out the interaction of anthropometric measurements particularly body mass and oral health status of Turkish young adult nationals regionally, depending on the effects of diet (food and fluid consumption), smoking and tooth brushing habits, which were determined by using the body mass index (BMI) and dental health index (DMFT). Material and Methods: The BMI and DMFT of 202 cases, with an age average 22.5 years, were recorded through physical and clinical examinations. Statistical evaluation of the data was checked by Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Scale and performed by analysis of variance, Somer’s d and Pearson Chi-Square statistics, Poisson Regression and Odds Ratio analysis. Results: The results showed that the mean of BMI was at the optimum level (21.52) for all cases. The DMFT was higher for underweight females and for overweight males. The mean of DMFT according to sexes seemingly had no significant difference;however, females had 8.6% more DMFT than males. When the risk factors of dental caries were evaluated, the DMFT was found as 19.3% more for cases consuming high carbohydrate foods, 4.5% more for high beverage consumption and 18% more for smokers. Conclusions: In conclusion, tooth brushing 3 or more times a day is necessary to decrease the DMFT and tooth brushing 3 times a day as opposed to 1 or 2 times shows significant difference regarding oral health.
基金the Deanship of Research at Jordan University of Science and Technology。
文摘AIM: To develop an Arabic version of the ocular surface disease index(OSDI) and to assess its reliability and validity.METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out to validate the Arabic version of the OSDI questionnaire. Initially, forward-backward translation was used to translate the English version of OSDI into Arabic. The translated questionnaire was tested for equivalence and cultural adaptability. Totally 200 subjects were then recruited from a non-clinical population and asked to complete the Arabic version of the OSDI(ARB-OSDI). The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s-α. A subgroup of 30 participants was asked to complete the questionnaire on two occasions to test the test-retest reliability.RESULTS: A total of 200 participants were enrolled in the study. The average age of the study participants was 31.21±13.2 y and 57% were male. An acceptable internal consistency level for the ARB-OSDI questionnaire measured by Cronbach’s-α was revealed. All questions showed good internal consistency. Test-retest reliability analysis revealed good stability(interclass correlation coefficient, r=0.832, P<0.001). The construct validity for the questionnaire was also high.CONCLUSION: The ARB-OSDI questionnaire shows very good psychometric properties(acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability). That makes the questionnaire a valid potential tool to use in Arabic-speaking countries to monitor symptoms of dry eye disease in a larger population.
文摘This study seeks to gain an insight into political speech subtitle,focusing on de/legitimation as a macro-linguistic discursive strategy reflecting micro-linguistic discursive strategies so as to exemplify as to how such a discursive representation could be mediated through translation as a socio-communicative action and translation studies as a growing interdisciplinary field of inquiry.To this end,a twofold theoretical framework at both macro-linguistic and micro-linguistic levels is employed-consisting of a quadruple categorization of legitimation developed by Van Leeuwen(2008)[38]on political discourse(PD)and Fairclough's(2003)[12]critical discourse analysis(CDA)model on linguistic modality-to analyze one of the political speeches delivered by the Iranian former president Mahmood Ahmadinejad and subtitled into English by MEMRITV(Middle East Media Research Institute TV).The results,confirming political discourse and its translation as a means of de/legitimation,indicate that although there are no overt manipulations regarding the discourse of de/legitimation in the target text(TT),the manipulation of micro-linguistic device of modality constitutes a degree of covert manipulation of de-legitimizing discourse,altering the author's(the source text enunciator's)commitment to truth.It is concluded that viewing translation of political discourse as a means of de/legitimization in the context of micro-linguistic aspects such as modality could probably open a fruitful avenue to discourse studies in general and translation studies in particular.However,to comparatively achieve more reliable and informative results,adopting eclectic approaches to the critical study of PD seems to be more promising.
文摘Drawing on reader-response criticism,this article aims at analyzing the aesthetic receptive experience of teaching imagery through painting/drawing.We argue that such an approach helps students transcend the limitations of written words by deconstructing the text and reconstructing the meaning,which,in turn,enriches students’creativity,free-thinking,and ability to describe sensory experiences.Our approach,in this case,is a medium of meta-reflection through which students undergo the aesthetic experience while painting/drawing mediates between the text and students’unconscious mind.The role of reader-response through painting/drawing is to unravel the relational structures that mark this creative process.To this end,we applied this method to an undergraduate class of poetry at Taibah University,Saudi Arabia.The sample consisted of forty-four undergraduate students,who were asked to re-present Robert Frost’s poem,“After Apple-Picking,”in painting/drawing.To analyze the students’act of reading,the participants were asked to write reflection letters on how they felt throughout the process of preparing their portraits and,consequently,their replies were used in analyzing their portraits.The study presents a replicable model for application to other genres and literary texts.
文摘In this article,we examine the syntactic derivation of subject wh-words in Jordanian Arabic.Firstly,we provide empirical evidence that questions with a subject wh-word are syntactically derived by overt movement of the given subject wh-word to the left periphery.This empirical evidence is based on the position of the subject wh-words to the left of the high IP adverbials,including epistemic adverbials and evidentials,as well as the position of the subject wh-words relative to topical elements.Secondly,we examine the intriguing ban on the use of subject wh-words in VSO sentences although non-interrogative subjects are permitted to occur in such clauses,and other wh-words may appear in their thematic positions(given the appropriate context).We show that this ban results from the effects of a proposed economy-driven condition that disallows the use of an expletive(to fill Spec,TP)while the thematic subject is available(in Spec,vP).Additionally,we show that this ban results from the interactions of the effects of criterial freezing and the conditions that licence elements in the low IP area.
文摘The speed of spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 led to global lockdowns and disruptions in the academic sector.The study examined the impact of mobile technology on physics education during lockdowns.Data were collected through an online survey and later evaluated using regression tools,frequency,and an analysis of variance(ANOVA).The findings revealed that the usage of mobile technology had statistically significant effects on physics instructors’and students’academics during the coronavirus lockdown.Most of the participants admitted that the use of mobile technologies such as smartphones,laptops,PDAs,Zoom,mobile apps,etc.were very useful and helpful for continued education amid the pandemic restrictions.Online teaching is very effective during lock-down with smartphones and laptops on different platforms.The paper brings the limelight to the growing power of mobile technology solutions in physics education.
基金partially supported by Hong Kong Baptist University Research Committee’s Start-up Grant for New Academics and Hong Kong Baptist University Faculty Research Grant (FRG) CategoryⅡ(No.FRG2/17-18/076)
文摘Vowel contexts are shown to influence the perceived distinction of sibilants at different places,e.g.,with alveolar vs.palatal sibilants perceptually less distinct in the [_i] context than in the [_a] context This study investigates if this pattern holds across different sibilant place contrasts,e.g.,an alveolar-palatal contrast vs.an alveolar-retroflex contrast.Twenty-four listeners completed a speeded-AX discrimination task in which the stimuli were the sound pairs [si-ci][sa-ca][si-si][sa-sa],which aimed to access the relative psychoacoustic distinction of these pairs.The [si-ci] pair turned out to introduce a lower accuracy and a longer response time than the other pairs,with no response time difference among the other three.Assuming a longer response time to indicate less perceptual distinctiveness,the results confirm the observation in the literature that a [si-ci] pair is perceptually less distinct than a [sa-ca] pair;the lack of difference in [si-si] vs.[sa-sa] suggests that the[_i] context does not reduce the perceived sibilant place distinction across all places.There seems to be a trading relation between the effect of vowel context (e.g.,a reduced distinction in the [_i] context) and the relative acoustic difference between sibilants when evaluating the distinctiveness of a CV pair.
文摘A typological survey across Chinese dialects reveals that,in the[i]context,the place contrasts of dental vs.palatal affricates(i.e.,[tsi-t■i]and[ts^(h)i-t■^(h)i])imply the place contrast of fricatives(i.e.,[si-■i]).Assuming a connection between the implicational relation of phonological contrasts and perceptual distinction,this study examines the relative perceptual distinction of the sound pairs[tsi-t■i][ts^(h)i-t■^(h)i]and[si-■i]through a speeded-AX discrimination experiment.The results showed that the discrimination accuracy of the[tsi-t■i]and[ts^(h)i-t■^(h)i]pairs is significantly lower than that of the[si-■i]pair,indicating that the former two pairs are perceptually less distinct than the latter pair.The results lend support to the contention that a sound pair in the unmarked category tends to be perceptually more distinct than its counterpart in a marked category.
文摘Fighting corruption has been a signature theme in the governance of China since Xi Jinping became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CCCPC)in 2012.Among the extensive attention from academic and policy discourse to this unprecedented anti-corruption elfort in CPC's history,there are studies that take the one-sided view that the effort under way is not anti-corruption in its strict sense as it relies on the Party mechanism rather than the legal system,scripted,and calculated for the narrow self-interest of factional power enhancement.Reviewing contemporary fundamental anti-corruption discourses,anchored in critical discourse analysis,and assisted by 134 circulars of intra-Party disciplinary punishments of corrupt high-ranking officials(“tigers”,dalaohu),this interdisciplinary study reveals that,by contrast,China adopts an integrated approach to corruption,which incorporates republican and liberal-rationalist beliefs and values.Specifically,it is characterized by CCCPC as leadership,the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection as political agency,both following a mentality of the rule of law,and by the coordination between intra-Party disciplinary rules and state laws.This approach is appropriate because it conceptualizes corruption by targeting the main feature of the corruption-related problem.This study contributes from a discoursal perspective to the understanding of China's anti-corruption in the Xi Jinping Era.
文摘To the Editor:Access to antiretroviral drugs for all human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infected persons in need is a global health priority.The primary goal of initiating antiretroviral therapy(ART)among HIV patients is to suppress HIV viral replication and to restore immune function.
基金partially supported by Hong Kong Baptist University Faculty Research Grant(FRG)Category Ⅱ[Grant No.FRG2/17-18/076]Hong Kong Baptist University Research Committee’s Start-up Grant for New Academics
基金supported by Hong Kong University Grants Committee’s Research Matching Grant Scheme(RMGS2019_1_18)Hong Kong Baptist University Research Committee’s Start-up Grant for New Academics
文摘对一门语言语音系统的习得包括对其音位配列规律的习得,前人研究中广泛地发现了已习得语言音位配列规律对语音感知的影响。例如Dupoux et al.(1999)对日语母语者的感知研究发现,他们在听辅音丛(*CC)时,可能在中间幻听到元音,这与日语中不允许辅音丛(*CC)有关。本研究关注粤语—英语双语者在感知音段序列时,是否会受到粤语和英语的影响。我们的实验设计以Dupoux et al.(1999)为基础。被试为20位粤英双语使用者,他们的第一语言为粤语,从4岁左右开始习得英语作为第二语言。实验刺激项是形为V_(1)C_(1)(V_(x))V_(2)C_(2)的假词,其中元音辅音是英语和粤语中常见的音段;刺激项中一半刺激项里C_(1)C_(2)的组合对应英语中存在的音节首辅音丛,例如[kl,gl],另一半刺激项里C_(1)C_(2)对应英语音节首中不存在的辅音丛,例如[km,gm];假词中间V_(x)的时长分为连续统上的六个长度,从0毫秒(即无元音)到95毫秒。每听到一个假词,被试判断C_(1)C_(2)中间是否有元音存在。经过线性混合模型的检验,实验结果显示:(1)就元音V_(x)的时长而言,时长越长,被试感知到元音的概率越高;(2)在V_(x)为0毫秒(即没有元音)时,粤英双语被试仍然在一定程度上感知到元音;(3)当C_(1)C_(2)组合对应英语中存在的音节首辅音丛时,例如[kl,gl],被试感知到元音的概率显著低于当C1 C2组合对应英语音节首中不存在的辅音丛的情况,例如[km,gm];(4)元音时长和C_(1)C_(2)是否对应英语辅音丛之间没有交互作用。实验结果(2)表明,在粤英双语使用者感知音段序列时,粤语的声韵搭配规律在起作用,这和Dupoux et al.(1999)等实验中日语母语者在辅音丛(*CC)中间幻听到元音相似;实验结果(3)表明,英语的音位配列规律也在起作用,影响被试的判断,使其在C_(1)C_(2)对应英语音节首辅音丛时,相对来说不易察觉到中间的元音V_(x)。另一方面,单就被试在V_(x)为0毫秒条件下的表现而言,其幻听到元音的概率低于Dupoux et al.(1999)实验中日语被试的相应概率,同时又略高于该实验中法语被试的相应概率。这似乎说明,被试的粤语和英语两种语言的音位配列规律存在相互作用,同时影响着被试对辅音间元音的感知。
基金partially supported by Hong Kong Baptist University Faculty Research Grant(FRG)CategoryⅡ[Grant No.FRG2/17-18/076]Hong Kong Baptist University Research Committee’s Startup Grant for New Academics
文摘在世界语言和汉语方言类型学研究中,前人对擦音的种类和擦音系统的特点进行了广泛探索。就辅音的部位对立而言,有研究显示不同部位辅音之间的音系对立,在不同元音环境中的表现可能有所不同。本文考察清擦音的类型,检验前人对擦音类型的结论,同时探索汉语方言中清擦音在[_i]和[_a]两个元音环境中的部位对立,以及不同清擦音和这两个元音的组合情况。本研究以《方言》杂志1979—2020年之间发表的描写汉语方言语音系统的文章为材料,考察了不同方言区共201种方言的清擦音。本研究的主要结果包括以下几点:(1)就清擦音的出现频率而言,汉语方言中最常见的依次为[f s x],分别出现在70%以上的方言中,其次为[x hs],基本验证了前人对汉语方言清擦音类型的总结。(2)就清擦音系统而言,本研究所涉及的201种方言中,平均每种有4.11个清擦音,具体到每个方言有2—6个清擦音不等。(3)清擦音数相同的系统,所包括的擦音组合差别很大,丰富多样;5个擦音的系统以[f-s-φ-s-x]最常见,4个擦音的系统以[f-s-φ-x]最常见,3个擦音的系统以[f-s-h]较为常见;2个擦音的系统以[s-h]较为常见。(4)就清擦音的部位对立而言,如果汉语方言中被描写为[φia]的音节可以在音系上视作相当于[φa],那么元音[_a]环境中存在部位对立的情况(例如[fa-sa-φa])基本多于相应的元音[_i]环境中存在部位对立的情况(例如[fi-si-φi]),这与前人类型学研究发现的元音[_i]有避免辅音部位对立的倾向相符。(5)就清擦音和[_i]或[_a]之间的组合而言,[φʃ]和[_i]组合的情况多于和[_a]组合的情况,而[f ssx h]都是和[_a]的组合多于和[_i]的组合。
