An environmental and economic assessment of the development of a plasma-chemical reactor equipped with plasma torches for the environmentally friendly treatment of waste streams by plasma is outlined with a view to th...An environmental and economic assessment of the development of a plasma-chemical reactor equipped with plasma torches for the environmentally friendly treatment of waste streams by plasma is outlined with a view to the chemical and energetic valorization of the sustainability in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia（KSA）. This is especially applicable in the pilgrimage season in the city of Makkah, which is a major challenge since the amount of waste was estimated at about 750 thousand tons through Arabic Year 1435 H（2015）, and is growing at a rate of 3%–5% annually. According to statistics, the value of waste in Saudi Arabia ranges between 8 and 9 billion EUR. The Plasma-Treatment Project（PTP） encompasses the direct plasma treatment of all types of waste（from source and landfill）, as well as an environmental vision and economic evaluation of the use of the gas produced for fuel and electricity production in KSA, especially in the pilgrimage season in the holy city Makkah. The electrical power required for the plasmatreatment process is estimated at 5000 kW（2000 kW used for the operation of the system and 3000 kW sold）, taking into account the fact that：（1） the processing capacity of solid waste is 100 tons per day（2） and the sale of electricity amounts to 23.8 MW at 0.18 EUR per kWh.（3） The profit from the sale of electricity per year is estimated at 3.27 million EUR and the estimated profit of solid-waste treatment amounts to 6 million EUR per year and（4） the gross profit per ton of solid waste totals 8 million EUR per year. The present article introduces the first stage of the PTP, in Makkah in the pilgrimage season, which consists of five stages：（1） study and treatment of waste streams,（2） slaughterhouse waste treatment,（3） treatment of refuse-derived fuel,（4）treatment of car tires and（5） treatment of slag（the fifth stage associated with each stage from the four previous stages）.展开更多
The influence effect of different holes per inch on the plasma parameters and particle growth has been studied by compression between two different gap Aluminum meshes of 3 mm width, and 8 holes per inch (8 h/in) and ...The influence effect of different holes per inch on the plasma parameters and particle growth has been studied by compression between two different gap Aluminum meshes of 3 mm width, and 8 holes per inch (8 h/in) and 0.3 mm width and 20 holes per inch (20 h/in) at very low pressure. The perforated aluminum mesh with small diameter holes 20 h/in shows a better glow discharge stabilization than mesh with large diameter holes 8 h/in. For both 20 h/in and 8 h/in, sharp axial decrements for electron Temperature (Te), where Te decreased from 5.2 to 3.8 eV for 8 h/in, from 2.75 to 1.8 eV for 20 h/in. In contrast sharp axial increments for electron density (Ne), whereas Ne increased from 0.9 × 109 to 20 × 109 cm-3 for 8 h/in and from 8 × 109 to 42 × 109 cm-3 for 20 h/in. Silicon wafer [100] was exposed directly behind the meshes to realize nano-particle growth in sputtering discharge, where there are two different particles shapes: spherical shape particles produced by 20 h/in, and filamentary-shaped fractal particles formed by 8 h/in. The particle radius growth for 20 h/in was in the range of 4.67 - 301 nm during exposure time 40 - 95 min, and for 8 h/in were in the range of 9.2 - 28.8 nm during exposure time 60 - 95 min.展开更多
文摘An environmental and economic assessment of the development of a plasma-chemical reactor equipped with plasma torches for the environmentally friendly treatment of waste streams by plasma is outlined with a view to the chemical and energetic valorization of the sustainability in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia（KSA）. This is especially applicable in the pilgrimage season in the city of Makkah, which is a major challenge since the amount of waste was estimated at about 750 thousand tons through Arabic Year 1435 H（2015）, and is growing at a rate of 3%–5% annually. According to statistics, the value of waste in Saudi Arabia ranges between 8 and 9 billion EUR. The Plasma-Treatment Project（PTP） encompasses the direct plasma treatment of all types of waste（from source and landfill）, as well as an environmental vision and economic evaluation of the use of the gas produced for fuel and electricity production in KSA, especially in the pilgrimage season in the holy city Makkah. The electrical power required for the plasmatreatment process is estimated at 5000 kW（2000 kW used for the operation of the system and 3000 kW sold）, taking into account the fact that：（1） the processing capacity of solid waste is 100 tons per day（2） and the sale of electricity amounts to 23.8 MW at 0.18 EUR per kWh.（3） The profit from the sale of electricity per year is estimated at 3.27 million EUR and the estimated profit of solid-waste treatment amounts to 6 million EUR per year and（4） the gross profit per ton of solid waste totals 8 million EUR per year. The present article introduces the first stage of the PTP, in Makkah in the pilgrimage season, which consists of five stages：（1） study and treatment of waste streams,（2） slaughterhouse waste treatment,（3） treatment of refuse-derived fuel,（4）treatment of car tires and（5） treatment of slag（the fifth stage associated with each stage from the four previous stages）.
文摘The influence effect of different holes per inch on the plasma parameters and particle growth has been studied by compression between two different gap Aluminum meshes of 3 mm width, and 8 holes per inch (8 h/in) and 0.3 mm width and 20 holes per inch (20 h/in) at very low pressure. The perforated aluminum mesh with small diameter holes 20 h/in shows a better glow discharge stabilization than mesh with large diameter holes 8 h/in. For both 20 h/in and 8 h/in, sharp axial decrements for electron Temperature (Te), where Te decreased from 5.2 to 3.8 eV for 8 h/in, from 2.75 to 1.8 eV for 20 h/in. In contrast sharp axial increments for electron density (Ne), whereas Ne increased from 0.9 × 109 to 20 × 109 cm-3 for 8 h/in and from 8 × 109 to 42 × 109 cm-3 for 20 h/in. Silicon wafer [100] was exposed directly behind the meshes to realize nano-particle growth in sputtering discharge, where there are two different particles shapes: spherical shape particles produced by 20 h/in, and filamentary-shaped fractal particles formed by 8 h/in. The particle radius growth for 20 h/in was in the range of 4.67 - 301 nm during exposure time 40 - 95 min, and for 8 h/in were in the range of 9.2 - 28.8 nm during exposure time 60 - 95 min.
