Burden of Cirrhosis and Other Chronic Liver Diseases Caused by Specific Etiologies in China, 1990-2016:Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Objective To estimate the burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases caused by specific etiologies in China.Methods Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016(GBD 2016)were used.We evaluated the burden by analyzing age-sex-province-specific prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted lifeyears(DALYs)of 33 provinces in China.Results From 1990 to 2016,prevalence cases in thousands increased by 73.7%from 6833.3(95%UI:6498.0–7180.6)to 11869.6(95%UI:11274.6–12504.7).Age-standardized mortality and DALY rates per100,000 decreased by 51.2%and 53.3%,respectively.Male and elderly people(aged≥60 years)preponderance were found for prevalence,mortality,and DALYs.The number of prevalence cases,deaths,and DALYs due to hepatitis C virus(HCV)increased by 86.6%,8.7%,and 0.9%,respectively.Also,age-standardized prevalence rates decreased in 31 provinces,but increased in Yunnan and Shandong.The Socio-demographic Index(SDI)values were negatively correlated with age-standardized mortality and DALY rates by provinces in 2016;the correlation coefficients were-0.817 and-0.828,respectively.Conclusion Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases remain a huge health burden in China,with the increase of population and the aging of population.Hepatitis B virus(HBV)remains the leading cause of the health burden in China.

Spatio-temporal Distribution Characteristics and Environmental Impact Factors of Lung Cancer Mortality: A Case Study of Yuhui District in Bengbu City, China

Among cancers, lung cancer is the most common cause of death in China. For the prevention and control of lung cancer, it is necessary to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of lung cancer mortality, as well as the changes in the trend and the affecting mechanism. Based on statistics and auto-correlation analysis, this paper studied the spatial and temporal distribution of lung cancer mortality in Yuhui District, Bengbu, Huaihe River Basin, from 2017 to 2020. In addition, Spearman’s Rank Correlation Assessment Model and Geographic Detector Model were used to examine the relationship between environmental factors and lung cancer mortality to identify impact factors and their mechanisms. The findings indicated that: 1) from the characteristics of temporal distribution, the number of lung cancer deaths exhibited a linear growth tendency, with the highest mortality in winter;2) from the characteristics of spatial distribution, lung cancer mortality showed a strong spatial agglomeration form, concentrating on two clustering areas, located in the old city and the central city of Bengbu, near the Huaihe River;3) from the point of view of the whole research area, there were 15 impact factors with significant correlation in the built and natural environment factors. The significant impacting factors in the built environment included land use, road traffic, spatial form and blue-green space, which could indirectly affect lung cancer mortality, while air pollution and temperature constituted the significant impacting factors in the natural environment;4) the influence of screened environmental factors on lung cancer mortality was different. Spatial stratified heterogeneity assessment, the interaction among environmental factors demonstrated statistical significance, it was found that the interaction between environmental factors in pairs had a significant enhancement effect on lung cancer mortality. To some extent, urban planning and policies could reduce lung cancer mortality.

Interaction Effects of Gene Polymorphisms and Obesity on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a common chronic condition that affects adults and has a global prevalence of 25%[1],with the prevalence being 31%among the general population in China[2].A meta-analysis of studies conducted over the past few years has reported that the predicting factors for NAFLD include obesity,type 2 diabetes mellitus,lifestyle,and genetic variants.The risk of developing NAFLD has been reported to be 3.5-fold higher in individuals with obesity than in the general[3].

Association between Baseline SBP/DBP and All-Cause Mortality in Residents of Shanxi,China:A Population-based Cohort Study from 2002 to 2015

Objective To investigate the association between blood pressure and all-cause mortality in Shanxi,China.Methods The‘2002 China Nutrition and Health Survey’baseline data in Shanxi province was used.A retrospective investigation was performed in 2015.The effects of SBP and DBP on the all-cause mortality were analyzed using the Cox regression model.The hazard ratio(HR)and 95%confidence interval(CI)were estimated by the sex and age groups.Results The follow-up rate was 76.52%over 13 years,while the cumulative mortality rate for all participants was 917.12/100,000 person-years.The mortality rose with an increasing SBP(χ_(trend)^(2)=270.537,P<0.001)or DBP level(χ_(trend)^(2)=57.240,P<0.001).After adjustment for the confounding factors,a significant association between mortality and high SBP(≥160 mm Hg)and high DBP(≥100 mm Hg),with adjusted HR ranging from 1.405-to 2.179-fold for SBP and 1.550-to 2.854-fold for DBP,was noted.Significant HRs for most DBP subgroups were found in>60-year-old participants.Males with DBP≥100 mm Hg had a significantly higher mortality,with an HR(95%CI)of 2.715(1.377–5.351).Conclusion Adults with SBP>160 mm Hg and DBP>100 mm Hg had a higher mortality risk.Sex and age difference was noted in both DBP and mortality risk.

The prevalence of HBsAg in Elderly Hui Ethnicities residents In Ningxia

Objective:To explore the prevalence of HBsAg in Hui ethnicities aged 55 years and older. Methods:Blood serum HBsAg biomarker was examined by immune colloidal gold dipstick for 6582 Hui ethnicities, descriptive analysis applied to explore the distribution of prevalence of HBsAg.Results: Total of 372 subjects were positive of HBsAg with a prevalence of 4.68%;There were no significant differences between male and female for prevalence of HBsAg, however, an significant differences was detected among age groups,and the differences age group in older women. ALT and AST level higher in HBsAg positive group than those HBsAg negative subjects.Conclusions: The Hui elderly had a relatively lower prevalence of HBsAg than general population, further study needed to explore possible factors contribute to the low prevalence.

Quantitative Analysis on NCDs Prevention and Control Policies Based on the Perspective of Policy Instruments—China,1990–2020

Summary What is already known about this topic?Noncommunicable diseases(NCDs)are a major public health problem in the world.NCDs are the leading cause of premature deaths and disabilities among Chinese residents,resulting in heavy economic and health burdens.What is added by this report?This study conducted a quantitative analysis of the policy texts on NCDs prevention and control in China from 1990 to 2020,based on the perspective of policy instruments.It was discovered that China’s NCDs prevention and control policies developed rapidly from the ground up over the 30 years from 1990 to 2020 and that the majority of China’s NCDs prevention and control policies were environment-oriented,while supply-oriented and demand-oriented policies were insufficient.What are the implications for public health practice?The findings of this study suggested that increasing supply-oriented and demand-oriented strategies should be prioritized in the future formulation and revision of NCDs prevention and control policies.

Recommendations and Future Direction for Population-Based Prevention and Control of Behavioral Risk Factors for NCDs

Based on the major findings of our studies,we found that in the past two or three decades,China’s noncommunicable diseases(NCDs)prevention and control policies experienced rapid development.The service mode of NCDs management was transformed,the service capabilities at primary medical facilities were comprehensively improved,and the health literacy and action capability of residents were improved.Remarkable achievements have been made in the prevention and control of NCDs,and a lot of experience has been accumulated.However,unhealthy lifestyles among Chinese residents are still common,and the control of NCDs and related behavioral risk factors faces great challenges.Therefore,in order to implement the Healthy China strategy,early prevention and strengthening of the health management of NCDs in high-risk groups are essential.

Evaluating Behavioral Risk Factor Interventions for Hypertensive and Diabetic Patient Management in the National Basic Public Health Service Programs from 2009

BACKGROUND In recent decades,China has faced a double burden of infectious diseases and noncommunicable diseases(NCDs).The number of deaths due to NCDs accounts for 88.5%of total deaths in China in 2019.To address these public health issues and improve the accessibility and affordability of primary health care,a National Basic Public Health Service Program(NBPHSP)was introduced as part of China’s healthcare reform initiated in 2009.Subsided by national and local government budgets,NBPHSP is mainly implemented by community and township health service centers,as well as health stations in urban areas and village clinics in rural areas(1).Health management of patients with hypertension and diabetes is an integral and pivotal part of the NBPHSP.

Increasing Health Literacy in China to Combat Noncommunicable Diseases

Health literacy involves knowledge,motivation,and competence to access,understand,appraise,and apply health information to make judgments and make decisions every day to maintain or improve quality of life.It is of great importance to the health and wellbeing of individuals,families,and society and plays a crucial role in noncommunicable disease(NCD)prevention and control.Recognizing that health literacy is a public health challenge in China,the Chinese government has been making great effort to address this issue.This paper presented a general overview of health literacy status in China with a focus on NCDs,described China’s challenges and practices in improving health literacy,and provided suggestions to decision makers,practitioners,and researchers to address the needs of health literacy in China.