Evaluation of cytotoxic and inflammatory properties of clove oil microemulsion in mice

Clove oil is the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum Merr.and L.M.It is widely used in pharmaceutical applications because of its biological potential including anesthetic,analgesic,antiinflammatory,antibacterial and antioxidant properties[1].The pharmacological efficacy is hindered by the high hydrophobicity of the essential oil;therefore,a thermodynamically stable microemulsion is an alternative attractive preparation for overcoming this problem[2].However,high surfactant concentration used in microemulsion may cause toxicity and other disadvantage to the formulation.This study aimed to investigate the immunotoxic effects of clove oil microemulsion in mice.

Differences in severity of mastitis and the pathogens causing various oxidative product levels

Differences in severity of mastitis and their causing pathogens might be associated with oxidative product levels occurring during the inflammatory process in infected udders. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship of oxidative product levels, using malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker on both mastitis severity and its causing pathogens. Quarter milk samples of all lactating cows in the selected farms were primarily tested for mastitis severity levels including clinical and subclinical mastitis. All quarter milk samples from mastitis cows were separately collected for MDA measurement and bacteriological analyses. Results showed that MDA in clinical mastitis quarters was highest in comparison to sub-clinical mastitis and healthy quarters. MDA in milk samples with Strep. uberis and coagulase negative staphylococci was higher than in milk samples without any pathogens (p < 0.05). In conclusion, differences in both severity of mastitis and mastitis pathogens were associated with differences of oxidative products in infected udders.

An integrative approach to enhancing small-scale poultry slaughterhouses by addressing regulations and food safety in northern -Thailand

Background:In Asian countries,small-scale rural poultry meat production can face challenges due to food safety policies that limit economic growth and hinder improvement of sanitation and disease prevention.In this study,an integrative,participatory research approach was used to elucidate the sanitation and disease prevention practices in small-scale poultry slaughterhouses in rural northern Thailand.Methods:Initial steps included the identification of key stakeholders associated with the meat production chain,development of a research framework,and design of a methodology based on stakeholder consultations.The framework and methodology combine issues in five major areas:(1)public health,(2)socioeconomics,(3)policy,(4)veterinary medicine,and(5)communities and the environment.Methods used include questionnaires,direct observation,focus groups,and in-depth interviews.In addition,a microbiological risk assessment approach was employed to detect Salmonella contamination in meat processing facilities.The microbial risk assessment was combined with stakeholder perceptions to provide an overview of the existing situation,as well as to identify opportunities for upgrading slaughterhouses in order to more effectively address matters of food safety,processing,and government licensing.Results:The conceptual framework developed elucidated the complex factors limiting small-scale slaughterhouse improvement including a lack of appropriate enabling policies and an apparent absence of feasible interventions for improvement.Unhygienic slaughterhouse management was reflected in the incidence of Salmonella contamination in both the meat and the surrounding environment.Conclusion:There is potential for the use of an integrative approach to address critical problems at the interface of rural development and public health.The findings of this study could serve as a model for transdisciplinary studies and interventions related to other similar complex challenges.

Modelling epidemic growth models for lumpy skin disease cases in Thailand using nationwide outbreak data,2021e2022

Lumpy skin disease(LSD)is a transboundary disease affecting cattle and has a detrimental effect on the cattle industries in numerous countries in Africa,Europe and Asia.In 2021,LSD outbreaks have been reported in almost all of Thailand's provinces.Indeed,fitting LSD occurrences using mathematical models provide important knowledge in the realm of animal disease modeling.Thus,the objective of this study is to fit the pattern of daily new LSD cases and daily cumulative LSD cases in Thailand using mathematical models.The first-and second-order models in the forms of Lorentzian,Gaussian and Pearson-type VII models are used to fit daily new LSD cases whereas Richard's growth,Boltzmann sigmoidal and Power-law growth models are utilized to fit the curve of cumulative LSD cases.Based on the root-mean-squared error(RMSE)and Akaike information criterion(AIC),results showed that both first and second orders of Pearson-type VII models and Richard's growth model(RGM)were fit to the data better than other models used in the present study.The obtained models and their parameters can be utilized to describe the LSD outbreak in Thailand.For disease preparedness purposes,we can use the first order of the Pearson-type VII model to estimate the time of maximum infected cases occurring when the growth rate of infected cases starts to slow down.Furthermore,the period when the growth rate changes at a slower rate,known as the inflection time,obtained from RGM allows us to anticipate when the pandemic has peaked and the situation has stabilized.This is the first study that utilizes mathematical methods to fit the LSD epidemics in Thailand.This study offers decision-makers and authorities with valuable information for establishing an effective disease control strategy.