The untapped potential of zeolites in techno-augmentation of the biomaterials and food industrial processing operations:a review

Zeolites are aluminosilicate compounds with excellent selective,precise adsorption capabilities that find their potential applications in various sectors of the biomaterials and food industry.The zeolites from ages have been utilized in biomedicine,catalysis,detergent and air purification industries but their commercial applications in the biomaterials and food industry are not studied enough.Zeolites are known to reduce mycotoxins,toxic compounds,heavy metals,and microbes.The present review tries to summarize different arenas of zeolite applications in the biomaterials and food industry.The article also includes a discussion of individual applications of zeolitic properties like antimicrobial effect,food nanoreactors and intelligent food contact behaviour in brief.Moreover,sound coverage is given over zeolite classification,their synthesis and the modelling of their adsorption behaviour.The outcomes of the review emphasize the commercial viability of zeolites and their potential to serve as a possible alternative to many processing steps which ultimately will economise the production process in the food industry.This review also emphasizes extensive research that needs to be carried out to further improvise the capabilities of zeolites to overcome the challenges lying around them.

Effect of high temperature short time infrared roasting of peanuts

Roasting is the most common processing method that enhances color,and texture.In this study,infrared roasting of peanuts was done using an infrared rotary dryer.Roasting was operated at 90%infrared power(630 W)with different rotating speed(1 and 2 r/min).The effect of roasting was studied at different moisture levels(7.66%,11.49%,and 13.72%db).From the study,the color parameter,L*value,was found to be significantly different(P<0.05),and it decreased with the decrease in rotating speed,and the∆E value varies from 2.32 to 10.56.Results also showed that the antioxidant activity decreased with the reduction in rotating speed as lesser revolutions took longer roasting time,and the values decreased from 84.34%to 71.74%.Minimal changes in total phenolic content were found and varied from 3.62 to 2.10 mg/g GAE,an appropriate limit for good-quality roasted peanuts.The hardness of roasted peanuts ranged from 12.25 to 39.43 N.Moisture content 13.72%,and 1 r/min is the best possible treatment for infrared peanut roasting,significantly enhancing the quality of peanuts.This study concluded that high-power short-time infrared roasting could give good-quality roasted peanuts with optimum bioactive compounds.

5-Fluorouracil Loaded Chitosan–PVA/Na^+MMT Nanocomposite Films for Drug Release and Antimicrobial Activity

In the present study, chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) were blended with different concentrations of sodium montmorillonite(Na^+MMT) clay solution by a solvent casting method. X-ray diffraction and transition electron microscope results show that the film properties are related to the co-existence of Na^+MMT intercalation/exfoliation in the blend and the interaction between chitosan–PVA and Na^+MMT. 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU) was loaded with chitosan–PVA/Na^+MMT nanocomposite films for in vitro drug delivery study. The antimicrobial activity of the chitosan–PVA/Na^+MMT films showed significant effect against Salmonella(Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus(Gram-positive), whereas5-FU encapsulated chitosan–PVA/Na^+MMT bio-nanocomposite films did not show any inhibition against bacteria. Our results indicate that combination of a flexible and soft polymeric material with high drug loading ability of a hard inorganic porous material can produce improved control over degradation and drug release. It will be an economically viable method for preparation of advanced drug delivery vehicles and biodegradable implants or scaffolds.

Pesticide residue elimination for fruits and vegetables:the mechanisms,applications,and future trends of thermal and non-thermal technologies

Pesticide residues on food are threatening human health and wellbeing,ecological security.Food processing is one of the necessary ways to eliminate residues to guarantee the safety and sustainable development of the environment.This review outlines the mechanisms,applications,and factors influencing the efficiency as well as their limitations of pesticide residue elimination technologies.Conventional thermal processing technologies like drying,blanching,baking,and roasting have been proved to reduce pesticides extensively whereas sometimes concentration effects occur,and more toxic metabolites or by-products are generated.Additionally,the negative effects on quality attributes of fruits and vegetables(F&V)should be considered.Several innovative non-thermal processing technologies like ultrasound,cold plasma,high-pressure processing,and pulsed electric fields have flourished currently,which show great ability to eliminate pesticide residues significantly with minimal impact on the quality of F&V.In particular,heat-sensitive nutrients like ascorbic acid,phenolics,and carotenoids would retain to a great extent.Similarly,these technologies have their limitations.Furthermore,there is much information about combined processing technology affecting the pesticide behaviors of F&V.Finally,the future developments for pesticide elimination of these technologies are identified and discussed.

Distinctive differences in the granulation of saline and non-saline enriched anaerobic ammonia oxidizing(AMX)bacteria

The growing interest in the anaerobic ammonium oxidizing(AMX)process in treating high nitrogen containing wastewaters and a comprehensive study into the granulation mechanism of these bacteria under diverse environmental conditions over the years have been unequal.To this effect,the distinctive differences in saline adapted AMX(S_AMX)and nonsaline adapted AMX(NS_AMX)granules are presented in this study.It was observed that substrate utilisation profiles,granule formation mechanism,and pace towards granulation differed marginally for the two adaptation conditions.The different microbial dominant aggregation types aided in splitting the 471 days operated lab-scale SBRs into three distinct phases.In both reactors,phase III(granules dominant phase)showed the highest average nitrogen removal efficiency of 87.9%±4.8%and 85.6%±3.6%for the S_AMX and NS_AMX processes,respectively.The extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)quantity and major composition determined its role either as a binding agent in granulation or a survival mechanism in saline adaptation.It was also observed that granules of the S_AMX reactor were mostly loosely and less condensed aggregates of smaller sub-units and flocs while those of the NS_AMX reactor were compact agglomerates.The ionic gradient in saline enrichment led to an increased activity of the Na^(+)/K^(+)–ATPase,hence enriched granules produced higher cellular adenosine triphosphate molecules which finally improved the granules active biomass ratio by 32.96%.Microbial community showed that about three to four major known AMX species made up the granules consortia in both reactors.Proteins and expression of functional genes differed for these different species.

Effect of pulsed ultrasound assisted extraction and aqueous acetone mixture on total hydrolysable tannins from pomegranate peel

Pomegranate peels are disposed of as waste even though it is an eminent source of total hydrolysable tannins(THT)and possesses a great worth for recycling.The present study was carried out with the hypothesis that pulsed system ultrasound-assisted extraction(PSUAE)technique optimization would aid in retaining high extract yield and THT recovery yield from pomegranate peel extract(PPE)with enhanced antioxidant potential.The extraction was performed at various conditions regarding solvent concentration(30-90% of acetone),solvent-feed ratio(10-30 mL/g),extraction time(10-20 min),and ultrasound amplitude(40-80%)for maximum extract yield,THT and antioxidant activity(AA).To model and optimize the process conditions tools namely response surface methodology(RSM)and artificial neural network(ANN)were applied.For solvent concentration,solvent-feed ratio,extraction time,and amplitude the optimal conditions attained with aid of RSM and ANN were:56%,26.5 mL/g,15 min,55%,and 45%,23 mL/g,15 min,50% respectively.The extract yield and THT content determined with RSM and ANN optimized values were 51.2%,86.4 mg TAE/g,and 62%,98.1 mg TAE/g,respectively.The mean square error value displayed the minimum and R^(2) exhibited maximum value in case of ANN compared to RSM model.PSUAE significantly augmented the AA of PPE to 77.2±0.50% compared to 49.7±0.35% of conventional extraction.FTIR and HPLC analysis established that PPE produced from PSUAE contains a significant amount of THT compounds(gallic acid and tannic acid derivative).SEM elucidated that the sonication effect resulted in peel cell wall disruptions ensuing in elevated extraction of THT.Therefore,this pulsed mode of ultrasound extraction could be regarded as an easy,cost-effective,and competent technique for the extraction of preferred natural THT from pomegranate peels that possess high prospective to be applied in food and nutraceutical formulations.