Chrysoeriol ameliorates hyperglycemia by regulating the carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of chrysoeriol from Cardiospermum halicacabum in streptozotocin induced Wistar rats.Thirty rats were categorized as control,diabetic control supplemented with 0,20 mg/kg chrysoeriol and 600μg/kg BW of glibenclamide for 45-day trial period.Our results indicated that the inclusion of chrysoeriol(20 mg/kg)showed a significant reduction in plasma glucose,hemoglobin and glycosylated hemoglobin level with a rising of plasma insulin sensitivity.Further,downregulated enzymes including glucose 6-phosphatase,fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase,and glycogen phosphorylase as well upregulated enzymes such as hexokinase,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,pyruvate kinase,and hepatic glycogen content.There was a diminish action found in liver glycogen synthase of tested rat with a rise in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase,towards normal levels upon treatment with chrysoeriol.The histopathological study confirmed that renewal of the beta cells of pancreatic of chrysoeriol and glibenclamide treated rats.In addition,the molecular docking of chrysoeriol against glycolytic enzymes including hexokinase,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,pyruvate kinase,using Argus software shows chrysoeriol had greatest ligand binding energy as equivalent to glibenclamide,as a standard drug.Thus,chrysoeriol found to be non-toxic with potential regulation on glycemic control and upregulation of the carbohydrate metabolic enzymes.

Ochratoxin A:Carryover from animal feed into livestock and the mitigation strategies

This review aims to highlight the effects of ochratoxin A(OTA)in the feed of meat-producing animals.The accumulation of OTA in feed and its distribution in various farm animals were compared and evaluated.Primarily,the oral administration of OTA-contaminated feed and the predisposition in an animal's vital organ were critically examined in this work.The collated reports show that OTA directly associated with endemic nephropathy and its high concentration leads to degeneration of liver cells,and necrosis of intestinal and lymphoid tissues.At present,limited reports are available in the recent liter-ature on the problems and consequences of OTA in feed.Therefore,this review focused on the OTA carryover from feed to farm animals and the interaction of its secondary metabolites on their biochemical parameters.Hence,this report provides greater insights into animal health related to OTA residues in meat and meat products.This article also explores mitigation strategies that can be used to prevent the carryover effects of OTA in livestock feeds and the effects in the food chain.