Kate Grenville's Reflection of Dark Places on Lillian's Story

Australian women writers have taken active roles in the literary field under the influence of the Feminist Movement around the world since the latter half of the 20 th century. Kate Grenville rose to fame for her early novel Lillian's Story representative of radical feminism. Ten years later in 1994,on reflection,she wrote Dark Places as a complementary work in the point viewof the very man,father and rapist,Albion,who appeared in the earlier novel. By reading the dark places,the inner heart of a patriarchal man and the undercurrent of misogyny in Albion's social world,the author sympathizes with and seeks to understand the inner nature of men,indicating her change in vision from initial radicalism to post- feminism which advocates understanding and harmony between men and women.

Two Core Systems of Dynamic Logic

Dynamic Logic (DL) is a formal system for reasoning on the input/output behaviors of programs. Hoare Logic (HL) is the precursor of all dynamic logics known today. Two core systems of DL are Propositional Dynamic Logic (PDL) and Quantificational Dynamic Logic (QDL). PDL is an extension of propositional logic with programs and is the appropriate place to begin investigating DL. QDL can be viewed as the first-order version of PDL. Predicate Dynamic Logic (DPL) is a subsystem of QDL and can be regarded as the most basic of a hierarchy of formulas-as-programs languages. These systems constitute the main topic of this essay. The authors’ elaboration here is very brief and sketchy and with the aim of providing the readers with only the most essence of the topic on the basis of other researchers’ works. The last part is the important one in which the authors summarize the approaches of extending Dynamic Logic. The conclusions are as follows: variants of DL are obtained by reinterpreting some constructs as something else, and/or by adding rules or operators, and/or by restricting or extending or revising some constructs, and/or combining a kind of logic with another one, and/or using a comprehensive way which insights from other disciplines according to its application in various domains. In all these cases, the authors give examples to illustrate the conclusion. It is generally proposed that sometimes the introduction of a new operator or rule or construct, or the introduction of reinterpretation or restriction or extension or revision of some constructs will increase expressive power and sometimes not; sometimes it has effect on the complexity of deciding satisfiability and sometimes not. Finally, the authors sum up major aspects which we should consider during investigating a specific variant of DL. The researchers should focus on the well-formed expressions and on the validity of expressions about it with respect to standard, non-standard and syntactically motivated classes of Kripke models. Other important semantic issues which should be dealt with by us include notions of consequence, model size properties, soundness, completeness, compactness, the complexity of deciding whether a formula is valid or not. We also should investigate a sound and complete axiomatization for our logic and inspect its decidability.