Optimization of CNC cutting parameters using design of experiment(DOE) and desirability function

In this study,2~5 （five factors at two-level factorial design） design of experiment was applied to investigate a set of optimal machining parameters to achieve a minimum surface roughness value for Abies nordmanniana.Wood specimens were prepared using different values of spindle speed,feed rate,depth of cut,tool radius,and cutting directions.Average surface roughness （R_z） values were applied using a stylus.The objectives were to：（1）obtain the effective variables of wood surface roughness;（2） analyze which of these factors had an impact on variability in the CNC machining process;（3） evaluate the optimal cutting values within the range of different cutting levels of machining parameters.The results indicate that the design of experiment（DOE） based on the desirability function approach determined the optimal machining parameters successfully,leading to minimum R_a compared to the observed value.Minimum surface roughness values of tangential and radial cutting directions were 3.58 and 3.21 μm,respectively.

Effect of thermal treatment on the swelling and surface roughness of common alder and wych elm wood

Wood heat treatment has increased signifi- cantly in recent years and is still growing as an industrial process to improve some wood properties. We studied the change of swellingand surface roughness of common alder （Alnus glutinosa （L.） Gaertn. ssp.glutinosa） and wych elm （Ulmus glabra Huds.） woods after heat treatment at two different temperatures and durations. The temperatures were 180 and 200 ℃ and the durations were 2 and 4 h. A stylus method was employed to evaluate the surface char- acteristics of the samples. Roughness measurements by the stylus method were made in the direction perpendicular to the fiber on the wood surface. Four main roughness parameters, mean arithmetic deviation of profile （Ra）, mean peak-to-valley height （Rz）, root mean square roughness （Rq）, and maximum roughness （Ry） were used to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the surface characteristics of the specimens. Swelling and surface roughness parameters （Ra, Rz, Ry, and Rq） differed significantly for two temper- atures and two durations of heat treatment. Swelling and surface roughness values decreased with increasing treat- ment temperature and treatment times.

Effects of wood species and retention levels on removal of copper,chromium,and arsenic from CCA-treated wood using sodium hypochlorite

Chemical extraction, bioremediation, and electrodialytic processes have been extensively studied for removal of copper, chromium, and arsenic from wood treated with chromated copper arsenate （CCA）. However, one problem has not been addressed： the effects of wood species and retention levels on remediation efficiency. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of wood species and retention levels on removal of copper, chromium, and arsenic from CCA-treated wood samples using sodium hypochlorite. Our results showed that sodium hypochlorite （NaOC1） was very effective for removal of copper, chromium, and arsenic from CCA-C treated milled wood samples for all three species used in this study. The Cu, Cr, and As extraction efficiencies for red pine were 95 % Cu, 97 % Cr and 94 % As, for maple were 95 % Cu, 97 % Cr, and 98 % As at 4.0 kg m-3 retention levels, and for aspen were 95 % Cu, 92% Cr, and 91% As at 9.6 kg m-3 retention level, respectively. However, the results showed that wood species and initial retention levels of CCA-treated wood products played very impor- tant roles in terms of removal of Cu, Cr, and As.

Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore （Hemiptera： Aphalaridae）, the New Exotic Pest of Eucalyptus in Northern Cyprus

Eucalypt-feeding psyllids, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore （Hemiptera： Psylloidea： Aphalaridae）, native to the Australian region, has emerged as an aggressive pest on Eucalyptus in many countries as it was described recently in Greece and Turkey. This study aimed to report this invasive species and its parasitoids on Eucalyptus growing area in Northern Cyprus. G. brimblecombei infested leaves were collected and brought to the laboratory for identification and collection of parasitoids emerged from the pest. In this paper, presence of G. brimblecombei and the parasitoid of the red gum lerp psyllid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek （Hymenoptera： Encyrtidae） were reported for the first time in Northern Cyprus. Detailed information about the pest and its parasitoids were discussed.

A Review of Piezoelectric Phenomena as a Key Characteristic of Wood

Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical energy into electrical energy,acting as renewable energy sources.As smart materials,they respond to environmental changes by altering their properties.When pressure is applied,their structure separates positive and negative charge centers,producing opposite charges on crystal surfaces.This generates an electric field and a measurable potential.Wood,a natural material,also exhibits piezoelectric behavior.The piezoelectric effect of wood was first discovered by Russian scientists in 1940–1950.Then,in 1955,Fukada analyzed both the direct and inverse piezoelectric effect of wood and scientifically proved that this natural material has piezoelectric properties.Since then,much research has been done on the piezoelectric effect of wood.Research conducted between the 1960s and 1990s contributed to a deeper understanding of the piezoelectric properties of wood.Since the 2000s,various methods have been developed to enhance wood’s piezoelectric performance using modern research techniques and advanced analysis.These studies improve the understanding of wood’s piezoelectric properties and their potential applications.The research presents a chronological review of scientific studies from the discovery of the piezoelectric effect of wood to the present day.In addition,the piezoelectric and electric potential behavior obtained from planted trees and academic studies on the energy generation purposes of wooden structures are comprehensively examined.Wood’s potential as a natural piezoelectric material is significant,particularly for renewable energy sources and smart material technologies.Optimizing its piezoelectric properties aims to enhance energy harvesting,sensor performance,and other advanced technological applications.