Land use and land cover(LULC) changes and their impact on the mountain environment were studied in six catchments(～10 km^2 each) in the Polish Western Carpathians from the mid-19^(th) century to the early 21^(st) cen...Land use and land cover(LULC) changes and their impact on the mountain environment were studied in six catchments(～10 km^2 each) in the Polish Western Carpathians from the mid-19^(th) century to the early 21^(st) century. The analysis of cadastral and orthophoto maps indicates that during the investigated period, the forest area increased, quantified by an annual change index(Annch), between +0.12% to +0.27%, with a decrease of arable land index to –0.45% and –2.28% in the analysed catchments. LULC changes were accompanied by a continuous increase in settlement developments(residential and farming houses) by 50%-140% as well as significant changes related to their spatial distribution. Abandonment of arable land and forest succession have resulted in the geomorphological transformation of hillslopes, which predominantly includes a decrease in used road density, their transformation to road cuts and gorges. Overpopulation and the domination agriculture in the past caused the expansion of unpaved roads density and then the fragmentation of hillslopes, as well as the development of agricultural terraces.展开更多
Previous lichenometric dating of young geomorphological forms in the Tatra Mountains has been hindered by differences in the determination of initial colonisation of fresh rock surfaces by the Rhizocarpon geographicum...Previous lichenometric dating of young geomorphological forms in the Tatra Mountains has been hindered by differences in the determination of initial colonisation of fresh rock surfaces by the Rhizocarpon geographicum lichen.In order to determine precisely the time needed for the first thalli to appear on newly exposed rock surfaces,two experimental sites were created in 2013.The results from these sites were compared with the measurements taken on boulders in debris formed by a 2013 debris flow.In 2018,the largest thalli measured within the experimental sites and the debris flow area reached a size of approximately 2 mm.Based on this,the time of initial colonisation of rock surfaces was determined to be 5±1 years,which is about half the period previously described in the literature.展开更多
文摘Land use and land cover(LULC) changes and their impact on the mountain environment were studied in six catchments(～10 km^2 each) in the Polish Western Carpathians from the mid-19^(th) century to the early 21^(st) century. The analysis of cadastral and orthophoto maps indicates that during the investigated period, the forest area increased, quantified by an annual change index(Annch), between +0.12% to +0.27%, with a decrease of arable land index to –0.45% and –2.28% in the analysed catchments. LULC changes were accompanied by a continuous increase in settlement developments(residential and farming houses) by 50%-140% as well as significant changes related to their spatial distribution. Abandonment of arable land and forest succession have resulted in the geomorphological transformation of hillslopes, which predominantly includes a decrease in used road density, their transformation to road cuts and gorges. Overpopulation and the domination agriculture in the past caused the expansion of unpaved roads density and then the fragmentation of hillslopes, as well as the development of agricultural terraces.
文摘Previous lichenometric dating of young geomorphological forms in the Tatra Mountains has been hindered by differences in the determination of initial colonisation of fresh rock surfaces by the Rhizocarpon geographicum lichen.In order to determine precisely the time needed for the first thalli to appear on newly exposed rock surfaces,two experimental sites were created in 2013.The results from these sites were compared with the measurements taken on boulders in debris formed by a 2013 debris flow.In 2018,the largest thalli measured within the experimental sites and the debris flow area reached a size of approximately 2 mm.Based on this,the time of initial colonisation of rock surfaces was determined to be 5±1 years,which is about half the period previously described in the literature.
