Techno-economic and environmental impact analysis of electric two-wheeler batteries in India

This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic and environmental impact analysis of electric two-wheeler batteries in India.The technical comparison reveals that sodium-ion(Na-ion)and lithium-ion(Li-ion)batteries outperform lead-acid batteries in various parameters,with Na-ion and Li-ion batteries exhibiting higher energy densities,higher power densities,longer cycle lives,faster charge rates,better compactness,lighter weight and lower self-discharge rates.In economic comparison,Na-ion batteries were found to be~12-14%more expensive than Li-ion batteries.However,the longer lifespans and higher energy densities of Na-ion and Li-ion batteries can offset their higher costs through improved performance and long-term savings.Lead-acid batteries have the highest environmental impact,while Li-ion batteries demonstrate better environmental performance and potential for recycling.Na-ion batteries offer promising environmental advantages with their abundance,lower cost and lower toxic and hazardous material content.Efficient recycling processes can further enhance the environmental benefits of Na-ion batteries.Overall,this research examines the potential of Na-ion batteries as a cheaper alternative to Li-ion batteries,considering India’s abundant sodium resources in regions such as Rajasthan,Chhattisgarh,Jharkhand and others.