Reinfection risk of novel coronavirus(COVID-19):A systematic review of current evidence

BACKGROUND There is recently a concern regarding the reinfection and reactivation of previously reCoVered coronavirus disease 2019(CoVID-19)patients.AIM To summarize the recent findings and reports of CoVID-19 reinfection in patients previously reCoVered from the disease.METHODS This study was a systematic review of current evidence conducted in August 2020.The authors studied the probable reinfection risk of novel coronavirus(CoVID-19).We performed a systematic search using the keywords in online databases.The investigation adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)checklist to ensure the reliability and validity of this study and results.RESULTS We reviewed 31 studies.Eight studies described reCoVered patients with reinfection.Only one study reported reinfected patients who died.In 26 studies,there was no information about the status of the patients.Several studies indicated that reinfection is not probable and that post-infection immunity is at least temporary and short.CONCLUSION Based on our review,we concluded that a positive polymerase chain reaction retest could be due to several reasons and should not always be considered as reinfection or reactivation of the disease.Most relevant studies in positive retest patients have shown relative and probably temporary immunity after the reCoVery of the disease.

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder(HAND):a review

Objective:According to the World Health Organization,the number of infected people with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)in 2019 was about 38 million.Using combinational antiretroviral therapy in recent years has increased life expectancy in these people and HIV has been changed from a deadly disease to a chronic one.HIV-associated neurological disorders(HAND)include asymptomatic neurological disorders,Motor neurological disorders,and HIV-associated dementia.Methods:We searched 3 databases(PubMed,Science Direct and Scopus databases)from January 2015 to March 2021 for the keywords;HIV associated with a neurocognitive disorder,HAND and combinational antiretroviral therapy to provide careful consideration of various aspects of these disorders,including;risk factors,their diagnostic methods,their epidemiology,and finally the treatment of HAND.Results:In the initial search,we came across 1351 articles.Three authors did the title-abstract screening,and 270 articles were entered into full-text screening from the previous step.Four authors did the full-text screening,and the screening outcome was 21 articles.We categorized the results of our study into sub-categories,including:risk factors,pathogenicity,clinical manifestations,diagnosis,and epidemiology of HAND.Conclusions:Although the HAND subheading has made great strides,many questions about the disease remain unanswered,and many of the diagnosing established methods are not 100%accurate and as a result of that,this epidemy can’t be fully endured yet.We hope to find and apply further advances and more definitive solutions in the coming decades.

Processed Radio Frequency towards Pancreas Enhancing the Deadly Diabetes Worldwide

Diabetes is a chronic and debilitating disease,which is associated with a range of complications putting tremendous burden on medical,economic and socio-technological infrastructure globally.Yet the higher authorities of health services are facing the excruciating cumulative reasons of diabetes as a very imperative worldwide issue in the 21st century.The study aims to relook at the misapplication of the processed radio frequency that frailties in the pancreas within and around the personal body boundary area.The administered sensor data were obtained at laboratory experiments from the selected specimens on dogs and cats in light and dark environments.The study shows the frequent urine flow speed varies with sudden infection due to treated wireless sensor networks in active open eyes.The overweight and obese persons are increasingly affected in diabetes with comprehensive urinary pressure due to continuous staying at dark environment.The findings replicate the increasing tide of diabetes globally.The study also represents the difficulties of physicians to provide adequate diabetic management according to their expectancy due to insecure personal area network control unit.Dynamic sensor network is indispensable for healthcare but such network is at risk to health security due to digitalized poisoning within GPS positions.The study recommends the anti-radiation integrated system policy with user’s security alternative approach to inspire dealing with National Health Policy and Sustainable Development Goals 2030.

Reliability of trauma coding with ICD-10

Purpose:The reliability of trauma coding is essential in establishing the reliable trauma data and adopting efficient control and monitoring policies.The present study aimed to determine the reliability of trauma coding in educational hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Iran.Methods:In this descriptive cross-sectional study,591 coded medical records with a trauma diagnosis in 2018 were selected and recoded by two coders.The reliability of trauma coding was calculated using Cohen's kappa.The data were recorded in a checklist,in which the validity of the content had been confirmed by experts.Results:The reliability of the coding related to the nature of trauma in research units was 0.75—0.77,indicating moderate reliability.Also,the reliability of the coding of external causes of trauma was 0.57—0.58,suggesting poor reliability.Conclusion:The reliability of trauma coding both in terms of the nature of trauma and the external causes of trauma does not have a good status in the research units.This can be due to the complex coding of trauma,poor documentation of the cases,and not studying the entire case.Therefore,holding training courses for coders,offering training on the accurate documentation to other service providers,and periodically auditing the medical coding are recommended.

National Spinal Cord Injury Registry of Iran(NSCIR-IR)-a critical appraisal of its strengths and weaknesses

The National Spinal Cord Injury Registry of Iran(NSCIR-IR)is a not-for-profit,hospital-based,and prospective observational registry that appraises the quality of care,long-term outcomes and the personal and psychological burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in Iran.Benchmarking validity in every registry includes rigorous attention to data quality.Data quality assurance is essential for any registry to make sure that correct patients are being enrolled and that the data being collected are valid.We reviewed strengths and weaknesses of the NSCIR-IR while considering the methodological guidelines and recommendations for efficient and rational governance of patient registries.In summary,the steering committee,funded and maintained by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran,the international collaborations,continued staff training,suitable data quality,and the ethical approval are considered to be the strengths of the registry,while limited human and financial resources,poor interoperability with other health systems,and time-consuming processes are among its main weaknesses.

Computerized cell tracking:Current methods,tools and challenges

In developmental biology,knowledge of cell structure and their(morpho)dynamic behavior,leads to a comprehensive understanding of their conducts and the mechanisms in which they participate.This knowledge is a decisive factor in biological research and also in all drug development steps,medicinal or preventive therapies.Experimental cell analysis is hard,expensive,and time-consuming.To overcome these difficulties,in recent years,several computational object tracking methods,software system and packages have been developed in cell sciences that bring together different disciplines and branches of technologies.Object tracking is the process of locating and monitoring specific object and its behavior in sequential images.In this paper,a comprehensive review on object tracking stages and computational methods that are utilized in terms of cell tracking has been organized.Besides,the available software packages and toolkits,challenges,and their solution in time lapse microscopy images in this scope were reviewed.The aim of describing computational cell tracking methods and tools is that biologist and cell scientists might take advantage of these computational techniques to find another method to gain complementary information for their question of interest.