An analysis of the interaction mechanism between the social history of medicine research and health communication from the perspective of mass communication

The mass communication model and interactive ritual chain theory,which serve as communication paradigms in the new media era,facilitate and enhance the synergy between the fields of social history of medicine and health communication.This study employs a comprehensive framework based on the five elements of the mass communication model:information source,communication subject,communication object,message content,and post-communication feedback.Additionally,it incorporates the interactive ritual chain theory to examine the evolving dynamics and developmental trajectory of research in the social history of medicine during the new media era.Conclusively,this paper acknowledges the existing interaction gaps in the interaction between health communication and the social history of medicine research while outlining the challenges for fostering collaboration and proposing strategic optimizations for effective integration.

Understanding Poison:Study of a Word Du from the Perspective of Comparative History

This article investigates the word Du(毒)in premodern Chinese medicine and culture.It highlights the paradoxical meaning of the word that served as a foundation for the therapeutic use of poisons in traditional Chinese medicine.The article then situates the study in a comparative framework.By comparing the Chinese notion of Du with the Greek concept of pharmakon,it demonstrates significant similarities on the medical use of poisons in the two cultures.It further identifies a striking difference:While the European pharmacy started to separate poisons from medicines in the medieval era,poisons remained an integral part of healing repertoire throughout imperial China.The article ends with offering some cultural explanations for this divergence,and more broadly,a distinct worldview as revealed by the intimate relationship between poisons and medicines in traditional Chinese pharmacy.

The Emergence of Modern Physics Research in China:The Yenching Department of Physics and the Rockefeller Foundation

Based on archival materials discovered in America,Britain,and China,this paper carefully examines the history of the short-lived and completely overlooked Department of Physics in the Premedical School of Peking Union Medical College(PUMC),and uncovers this department’s extensive interconnections with its counterpart at Yenching University.This project also looks into the Master of Science(MS)program in the Department of Physics at Yenching University,which,founded in 1927,was the first graduate program in physics in China.It was this MS program that transformed the Yenching Department from a largely premedical training center serving the PUMC into a prominent cradle of Chinese physics research.This Yenching Department,despite its small faculty and brief existence,nurtured many eminent Chinese physicists,such as Chao-Ying Meng孟昭英,Wen-Yu Chang张文裕,Ming-Chen Wang王明贞,Chia-Liu Luke Yuan袁家骝,Cheng-Shu Wang(Chang)王承书,Ho-Fu Lu卢鹤绂,Ting-Sui Ke葛庭燧,Kun Huang黄昆,and Chia-Lin Hsieh谢家麟.It would have been impossible to achieve these outstanding accomplishments without the effective leadership and pioneering work of C.H.Corbett,P.A.Anderson,Y.M.Hsieh,and W.Band—the first four Department Chairs—in combination with relatively abundant private funding,mostly from America,and extensive educational connections with Western institutions.This paper not only introduces in detail these four department heads and their contributions,but also discloses the unique role played by the Rockefeller Foundation via the China Medical Board and the PUMC in the development of the Yenching Department of Physics.

Globalization and Glocalization in the History of Chinese Medicine

The globalization of Chinese medicine, forged through successive waves of migration, cultural exchanges, and economic imperatives, constitutes a nuanced and intricate process with historical roots extending over millennia. It stands as the culmination of interconnected historical events that reverberated beyond the confines of China, emerging as a phenomenon characterized by the adjustment of Chinese medical theories, clinical practices, and materia medica to indigenous customs and healthcare traditions prevalent in both proximate and distant regions. In these glocalized processes, the global and the local intersect and mix. The frameworks of globalization and glocalization allow a critical interpretation of the many hybridizations that have shaped overseas Chinese medicine's history and present.

A historical overview of nano-optics:From near-field optics to plasmonics

Nano-optics is an emergent research field in physics that appeared in the 1980s,which deals with light–matter optical interactions at the nanometer scale.In early studies of nano-optics,the main concern focus is to obtain higher optical resolution over the diffraction limit.The researches of near-field imaging and spectroscopy based on scanning near-field optical microscopy(SNOM)are developed.The exploration of improving SNOM probe for near-field detection leads to the emergence of surface plasmons.In the sense of resolution and wider application,there has been a significant transition from seeking higher resolution microscopy to plasmonic near-field modulations in the nano-optics community during the nano-optic development.Nowadays,studies of nano-optics prefer the investigation of plasmonics in different material systems.In this article,the history of the development of near-field optics is briefly reviewed.The difficulties of conventional SNOM to achieve higher resolution are discussed.As an alternative solution,surface plasmons have shown the advantages of higher resolution,wider application,and flexible nano-optical modulation for new devices.The typical studies in different periods are introduced and characteristics of nano-optics in each stage are analyzed.In this way,the evolution progress from near-field optics to plasmonics of nano-optics research is presented.The future development of nano-optics is discussed then.

The Intellectual Journey and Contributions of Riazanov Through the Lens of Marx’s Biography

The article delves into the intellectual endeavors and contributions of David Riazanov in the realm of Marxist scholarship,particularly through his pivotal role at the Marx-Engels Institute(MEI)following the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution.Despite an early academic setback,Riazanov’s self-taught expertise in various disciplines laid a solid foundation for his contributions to Marxism.Riazanov’s tenure at the MEI was marked by significant projects aimed at collecting,editing,and publishing Marx and Engels’works,culminating in the comprehensive compilation MEGA1.His advocacy for an authentic representation of original texts underscored his scholarly rigor.Riazanov’s pre-revolutionary activities and his critical stance on Bolshevik policies highlighted his dedication to a broader socialist movement.Despite ideological differences and challenges,Riazanov’s efforts significantly advanced the understanding and dissemination of Marxist thought,underscoring the complex interplay between political activism and academic scholarship in the development of socialist ideology.

“Luminous Conflicts:Navigating Architecture,Light,and Visitor Experience in Museums”:The Case of Yale Center for British Art

The architectural design of the YCBA(Yale Center for British Art)exemplifies Kahn’s exploration of light as a transformative element.However,preserving sensitive materials within the museum challenges the building’s original intent.The potential harm caused by light necessitates control measures,potentially compromising the intended luminous ambiance envisioned by Kahn.A comprehensive survey revealed a strong preference for natural light in the museum environment.Visitors appreciated the ethereal qualities and heightened engagement with exhibits facilitated by natural light.This research critically examines the balance between architectural vision,preservation imperatives,and visitor expectations,highlighting the museum space as a dynamic field of action.The architectural elements,interior configuration,lighting,and movement are in constant harmony and conflict.This investigation contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between architecture,light,the museum experience,and knowledge.It underscores the importance of considering preservation,design,and visitor preferences when balancing these elements in museums.

Historical retrospects and evolutionary characteristics of paleogenomic science and technology

Paleogenomics is a discipline in which the extraction and analysis of DNA from ancient biological remains are studied to understand the evolutionary history of past organisms.Research on this topic has revealed the evolutionary history of humans and other species,traced human migrations and genetic changes,and investigated ancient diseases and environmental influences due to its uniqueness.This paper reviews the scientific and technological history of the development of paleogenomics,including the molecular cloning era,the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)technique era,the genomics era,and the bio-data analysis era.This field explores the key technological development processes and effects of significant scientific discoveries,ranging from gene cloning technology and sequencing technology to breakthroughs and applications in big data analysis,addressing challenges such as sample contamination and trace collection analysis in paleogenomics research.

Areas of research and clinical approaches to the study of liver abscess

AIMTo analyze the research activity on liver abscess (LA) and identify the main topic clusters in the area.METHODSWe identified all documents using the medical subject heading “LA” indexed in the MEDLINE database between 2001 and 2015. We performed a descriptive bibliometric analysis, characterizing the evolution of scientific activity, the publication types of the documents, the document categories of clinical interest (case reports, clinical trials, evaluation studies, meta-analysis, observational studies, practice guidelines and validation studies) and the geographic distribution of the research. We also carried out an analysis of networks and research clusters in order to identify the main topic areas of research.RESULTSOur search yielded a total of 1278 documents, showing a stable scientific production over the study period and a marked multidisciplinary nature. The research was dominated by case reports (65.9% of the documents analyzed). In terms of geographic distribution, researchers from the United States led in the number of signatures (n = 229), followed by those from Taiwan (n = 185), India (n = 145), Japan (n = 144), South Korea (n = 100), and China (n = 84). With regard to amebic LA, the top-producing countries were India and Mexico (n = 69 each), followed by the United States (n = 29). In the case of pyogenic LA, Taiwan Residents researchers led scientific production (n = 71), followed by the United States (n = 39) and China (n = 29). The most active areas of research in the field are diagnosis via computerized tomography scan, differential diagnosis with regard to liver cancer, treatment with antimicrobial agents, and Klebsiella infections (including bacteremia).CONCLUSIONClinical case reports associated with diagnosis and treatment are the main topic of study, highlighting the importance of this document type in advancing knowledge.

Anti-free radical,anti-oxidative ability and anti-fatigue effects of Huanshaodan An experiment of aging mice

In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, aging is mainly thought renal deficiency caused renal failure, mainly involving decline of kidney-Yang and deficiency of kidney-essence. Huanshaodan, a Chinese traditional preparation for kidney-replenishing essence, was used to be the preparation for reinforcing renal deficiency and preventing aging for aged people. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of Huanshaodan on swimming durance and the abilities of catalase （CAT） in serum and monoamine oxidase-B （MAO-B） in brain tissue as well as in vitro anti-oxidative ability of aging mouse. DESIGN： A controlled animal experiment. SETTING： College of Basic Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. MATERIALS： Fifty-four healthy NIH mice, aged 18 months old, of either gender, weighing （48.9±5.4） g, and one SD male rat, aged 16 months old, weighing 51.7 g, were provided by Animal Experimental Center, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Thirty NIH mice were randomly chosen for swimming test, and divided into experimental group and control group, with 15 in each; The other 24 NIH mice were used for enzyme activity assay, and also divided into experimental group and control group, with 12 in each. SD rat was used for in vitro anti-oxidative ability test, Huanshaodan water decoction was composed of Cheqianzi, Wuweizi, Huaishan, Danggui, Huangbai, Shudi, Baizhi, Niuxi, Baishen, Tusizi, Buguzhi, Roucongrong and Heshouwu 13 Chinese herbs. METHODS： This study was carried out in the Second Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in June 2006. Swimming and enzyme activity assay： Mice in the two experimental groups were intragastrically administrated with l0 μL/g Huanshaodan water decoction. Mice in the two control groups were intragastrically administrated with the same amount of normal saline. All the mice were intragastrically administrated for 5 days, and they were free to access to medicine in the other 2 days in a week. Each mouse was administrated for 8 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ① Forty days after administration, mice in the experimental group and control group for swimming test were loaded at tails and allowed to swim in the water-tank. Swimming durance was recorded. ② Following the method of Chen Qi, the activities of CAT in serum and MAO-B in brain tissue as well as the inhibitory rate of each medicine on malonaldehyde （MDA） content in the in vitro rat hepatic tissue were determined; Meanwhile, the inhibitory rate of different doses of Tusizi liquid to MDA content in the rat hepatic tissue in vitro was also assayed. RESULTS： Fifty-four NIH mice and one SD rat were recruited in this experiment. Three mice died in the swimming test, and all the other animals were involved in the final analysis. ① Swimming durance of mice in the experimental group was significantly longer than that in the control group （ t =7.502, P 〈 0.01 ） . The activity of CAT in serum of mice in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group （ t =13.307, P 〈 0.01 ） . ② The activity of MAO-B in brain tissue of mice in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group （t =l3.27, P 〈 0.01 ） . ③The inhibitory rate of Cheqianzi, Wuweizi, Huaishan, Danggui, Huangbai, Shudi, Baizhi, Niuxi, Baishen, Tusizi, Buguzhi, Roucongrong and Heshouwu 13 Chinese herbs of Huanshaodan to MDA in the rat hepatic tissue in vitro was - 62.9, - 95.1, - 34.9, - 65.1, - 99.1, - 87.2, - 94.1, - 20.0, - 67.0, - 83.7, - 91.0, - 98.4, - 93.0, respectively. ④ The inhibitory rate of low to high dose of Tusizi liquid to MDA content in the rat hepatic tissue in vitro was - 3.41, - 18.1, - 26.6, - 83.7, respectively. CONCLUSION： Huanshaodan enhances swimming endurance, anti-oxygen free radical and anti-oxidativeabilities, and thus, it can delay aging.

Impact Factors on Distribution and Characteristics of Natural Plant Community in Reclamation Zones of Changjiang River Estuary

To identify impact factors on the distribution and characters of natural plants community in reclamation area, with survey data from 67 plant quadrats in July 2009, soil properties data from 216 sampling points in April 2009, and TM (30 m) data in 2006, the composition and characteristics of natural plants community in different time of the Fengxian area in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary were analyzed with two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The results show that: 1) The plant communities in the reclaimed area are mainly mesophytes and helophytic-mesophytic transitional communities, showing a gradient distribution trend with the change in reclamation years. Species richness (MA), species diversity (H) and above-ground biomass also increase with the increase of reclamation years. Nevertheless, they appear to decline slightly in the middle and late reclamation period (> 30 years). 2) With the rise in land use levels, the changes in species richness and species diversity tend to increase at first and then decrease; species dominance (D), however, tends to decline; and above-ground biomass increases slightly. 3) The distribution of the plant community is mainly influenced by the following factors: land use levels (R = 0.55, p < 0.05), soil moisture (R = 0.53, p < 0.05), soil salinity (R = 0.43, p < 0.05) and reclamation time (R = 0.40, p < 0.05).

On the Present and the Past of Pandemics

During the COVID-19 pandemic,a multitude of narratives saturated the print,audiovisual,and electronic media.Improvised,uninformed,apocalyptic and voluntarist approaches abounded.These notes-written during the pandemic and delivered in the conference series-address the proliferation of such discourses,emphasizing a series of issues.First,the widespread ignorance about the history of epidemics.Then,the inability to deal with the uncertainties that reign during pandemic times,as well as the announcements that this extraordinary health/sanitary event would produce a profound watershed in all walks of life and in all corners of the world.Finally,and against the general assertion that“one learns from the past to understand the present,”these notes seek to point out how the present can illuminate the study of the past-or,more personally,what I think I have learned as a historian in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Digestion process and causes of indigestion based on Avicenna's view and modern medicine

The process of food digestion is one of the most important physiologic processes in human body. In this review, we are seeking the views of Avicenna, the most distinguished Persian medical scholar about digestion and indigestion. Avicenna’s view was based on the humoral theory. Avicenna has focused scrutiny on the process of digestion. He divided this process into four phases including gastric, hepatic, intravascular and intra-organ digestion. A defect in any of these phases can lead to disturbance in other stages. Avicenna approached the problem of indigestion through factors of diet, lifestyle and inherent structural characteristics of digestive organs. Modern medicine confirms Avicenna's opinion about the start of digestion from the mouth, the role of the stomach in digestion and the role of the liver in the metabolism of foods. Overeating or eating certain foods, snacking between meals, eating variety of different foods together, intense physical activity, sexual activity after a meal, stress and sleep insufficiency are among factors that may be linked to indigestion in modern medicine viewpoints and also have been mentioned in Avicenna's teachings. It seems rational to consider the medical approaches recommended by Avicenna for future studies in the field of digestive disorders.

A Geospatial Analysis of Mycenaean Habitation Sites Using a Geocumulative versus Habitation Approach

In this study GIS and spatial analysis were applied in order to thoroughly examine possible relationships between the location of Mycenaean (16th - 11th c. BC) settlements in Messenia and the geomorphological characteristics of the area of their establishment. The idea lying behind this attempt is that the Mycenaeans would not have established their habitation sites randomly but according to decisive criteria, among which geomorphological characteristics played an important role. Such criteria include land aspect, terrain slopes, the hydrographic network and the geology of the area, all significant factors which need to be taken into consideration in order to evaluate the choice of settlement establishment. The combination of all available geological and environmental data with archaeological records provides a better view of the way local environments were built up in the past in association with the human site exploration and habitation;this view, hereafter defined as the Geocumulative versus Habitation (GCH) approach, constitutes the axis of the present study. The results of the study show a clear tendency in choosing settlement locations according to GCH criteria, resulting in a preference for flat to low-lying ground, in an environmentally friendly orientation (with environmental conditions such as protection from the north wind and at the same time profit by the sunlight), facilitating exploitation of local geological resources and of the hydrographic network.

The Song Tomb Fresco (宋墓壁画) in Panle Village of Hancheng City (韩城盘乐村):The Medicine‑preparation Picture (备药图)

A song tomb was discovered in Panle village(盘乐村)of Hancheng city(韩城),Shaanxi Province(陕西省)in 2009.Although it was not of high standard,the tomb contained extremely exquisite frescoes with striking contents.The relation between the identity of the tomb owner and the frescoes had been discussed by scholars,while this paper focused on the social status of doctors in the Song dynasty(宋朝)and the medical scenes reflected in the frescoes,to form different perspectives toward the profession of the tomb owner and the properties of the frescoes.

Cross-sectional survey following a longitudinal study on mental health and insomnia of people with sporadic COVID-19

BACKGROUNDIn the post-pandemic era, the emergence of sporadic cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the scale of the pandemic are unpredictable. Therefore, the impact ofsporadic cases of COVID-19 and isolation measures on mental health and sleep in different groupsof people need to be analyzed.AIMTo clarify the severity of psychological problems and insomnia of staff and community residentsaround a hospital with sporadic cases of COVID-19, and their relationship with quarantinelocation and long-term changes.METHODSA cross-sectional survey was conducted on community residents and medical staff. Many of thesemedical staff had been subjected to different places of quarantine. Community residents did notexperience quarantine. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), acute stress disorder scale(ASDS) and insomnia severity index (ISI) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression, acutestress disorder symptoms, and the severity of insomnia. Additionally, we conducted a 1-yearfollow-up study on medical staff, with related scales measurement immediately after and one yearafter the 2-wk quarantine period.RESULTSWe included 406 medical staff and 226 community residents. The total scores of ISI and subscale inHADS of community residents were significantly higher than that of medical staff. Furtheranalysis of medical staff who experienced quarantine showed that 134 were quarantined in hotels,70 in hospitals and 48 at home. Among all subjects, the proportions of HADS, ASDS and ISI scoresabove normal cutoff value were 51.94%, 19.17% and 31.11%, respectively. Multivariable logisticregression analysis found that subjects with higher total ASDS scores had a greater risk to developanxiety and depression. The total ISI score for medical staff in hotel quarantine was significantlyhigher than those in home quarantine. Total 199 doctors and nurses who completed the 1-yearfollow-up study. Compared with baseline, HADS and ASDS scores decreased significantly oneyear after the end of quarantine, while ISI scores did not change significantly.CONCLUSIONSporadic COVID-19 cases had a greater psychological impact on residents in surroundingcommunities, mainly manifested as insomnia and depressive symptoms. Hotel quarantineaggravated the severity of insomnia in medical staff, whose symptoms lasted ≥ 1 year.

‘Reversing’ the Flow of the Ancient Chinese Calendrical Subseasonal Phases Jie Qi in Australia:The Construction of a Chinese Medical & Agricultural Lunisolar Calendar(Northern and Southern Hemispheres)(Continued Part 2)

1 The Cyclical Flow of the Sixty-Gan zhi Temporal Units 'Time for the Chinese is forever flowing without beginning or end',noted Thome H. Fang. And'it is customary for Chinese to use the kan-Chih(gan zhi)to mark the passage of time.There are ten heavenly stems(gan)and twelve earthly branches(zhi),an alternating and sequential combination of the two makes a cycle of sixty years,months,days and two-hour period shi chen(时辰)in a day'. The sixty gan zhi temporal cycle is very important in the practice of Chinese medicine.It is an important practical temporal tool in the acupuncture practice of 子午流注(zi wu liu zhu)which is a method of choosing and using acupuncture points in dealing with a specific clinical pattern in accordance with the patient's temporal clotting and flowing of his/her Qi and blood.In addition,the sixty gan-zhi temporal cyclical system is also an important tool in forecasting adverse weather/climactic conditions and the illnesses that comes with them on the basis of the ancient methodology of 'the circulating five elements/phases and the six climactic influences'五运六气.Hence,I have included this gan zhi or celestial stems and earthly branches for each of the days in the Chinese Medical and Agricultural Lunisolar Calendar for the year of Rat wu zi nian(wu is the celestial stem while zi is the earthly branch for the year 2008).

On the Market Revolution of America Rural Society During the First Half of the 19th Century

The Market Revolution took place in America during the first half of the 19th century,and the new trend of development promoted the transition from a traditional rural society to a market society.The influences brought by the Market Revolution are as follows:the status of the rural women has been improved;the ideas of market and the sense of competition have been strengthened;American economy developed rapidly,and both the domestic and international markets have been broadened.The experiences of the transition from rural society to market society include:government supported the development of commercial agriculture;all sectors of society paid attention to agriculture;the quality of agriculture products was guaranteed;however,the development of agriculture damaged the environment.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC DURING THE DEVELOPING AND DECAYING PHASES OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO

During the developing phase of central Pacific El Nio(CPEN), more frequent TC genesis over the northwest quadrant of the western North Pacific(WNP) is attributed to the horizontal shift of environmental vorticity field.Such a northwestward shift resembles the La Nia composite, even though factors that cause the shift differ(in the La Nia case the relative humidity effect is crucial). Greater reduction of TC frequency over WNP happened during the decaying phase of eastern Pacific El Nio(EPEN) than CPEN, due to the difference of the anomalous Philippine Sea anticyclone strength. The TC genesis exhibits an upward(downward) trend over the northern(southern) part of the WNP,which is linked to SST and associated circulation changes through local and remote effects.