Introduction: A high prevalence of modifiable risk factors exists among adolescents that may lead to increased levels of morbidity and mortality in adulthood. This study sought to determine whether higher levels of ph...Introduction: A high prevalence of modifiable risk factors exists among adolescents that may lead to increased levels of morbidity and mortality in adulthood. This study sought to determine whether higher levels of physical activity (PA) and/or having a healthy body weight in adolescence influences future health risk behaviors (HRB) in young adulthood. Methods: Complete data were gathered for 536 participants from a prospective study and a follow-up survey conducted 10 years apart. At both time points, the questionnaires included information about HRB, PA, and health status. Results: Males who engaged in HRB during adolescence were more likely to continue these same risk behaviors during adulthood. Using multivariate models, only HRB in adolescence predicted HRB in adulthood for drinking, binge drinking and smoking among males, and for binge drinking and smoking among females. Conclusions: It appears that for males, once a health-risk behavior is initiated, it will likely continue into young adulthood, regardless of the presence of other healthy behaviors such as the proper maintenance of body weight and higher levels of PA. Similarly for females, binge drinking and smoking in adolescence is predictive of the same behavior in adulthood.展开更多
Purpose： Determine if three weeks of HIT （high-intensity interval training） improves fasting insulin sensitivity in healthy males. Methods： Participants were recreationally active （ ≥ l0 hours per week） men bet...Purpose： Determine if three weeks of HIT （high-intensity interval training） improves fasting insulin sensitivity in healthy males. Methods： Participants were recreationally active （ ≥ l0 hours per week） men between 18 and 35 years of age （Ht： 180 ± 1.44 cm; Wt： 85 ± 2.95 kg; BMh 26.1 ± 0.59 kg/m^2; body fat： 19.7 ± 1.76%）. HIT training occurred 3 days weekly for 3 weeks, at intensities equivalent to 7.5% of body mass. Training volume increased weekly as follows： three sprints per session （week 1）, four sprints per session （week 2）, and five sprints per session （week 3）. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and after each week and tested for glucose and insulin. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to measure changes in both fasting glucose and insulin concentrations as well as HOMA（IR） （homeostatic model assessment） and QUICKI （quantitative insulin sensitivity check index）. Results： Values were in the normal range throughout the study and there were no significant improvements in glucose （P = 0.346）, insulin （P = 0.680）, HOMA （P = 0.567）, or QUICKI （P = 0.186）, as a result of HIT. Conclusion： While HIT may be useful in maintaining insulin sensitivity in healthy males, 3-weeks of HIT did not further improve insulin sensitivity in this group.展开更多
Objective： Sit-stand desks have been designed to address high daily sitting in work and school environments. The purpose was to determine the daily pattern of use and overall likeability of sit-stand desk over the co...Objective： Sit-stand desks have been designed to address high daily sitting in work and school environments. The purpose was to determine the daily pattern of use and overall likeability of sit-stand desk over the course of a semester. Participants： A total of 18 subjects （12 standing） completed the 11-week study （week 5-15 of the semester） from January-April, 2016. Methods： Each student in the standing group was given a sit-stand desk to use as they desired. Results： Individual daily standing time ranged from 0-100% of daily attendance time and the daily group average ranged from 2.1-38.4%. Two-thirds of the standing bouts were ≤ 2 min. Perception questionnaire answers were positive for using the desk and their effect on students’ ability to work in class. Conclusions： The results indicate the sit-stand desks were utilized at low levels and for short durations for most participants, but perceptions of desk use remained positive.展开更多
Cancer cachexia(CC)is a devastating syndrome characterized by weight loss,reduced fat mass and muscle mass that affects approximately 80%of cancer patients and is responsible for 22%-30%of cancer-associated deaths.Und...Cancer cachexia(CC)is a devastating syndrome characterized by weight loss,reduced fat mass and muscle mass that affects approximately 80%of cancer patients and is responsible for 22%-30%of cancer-associated deaths.Understanding underlying mechanisms for the development of CC are crucial to advance therapies to treat CC and improve cancer outcomes.CC is a multi-organ syndrome that results in extensive skeletal muscle and adipose tissue wasting;however,CC can impair other organs such as the liver,heart,brain,and bone as well.A considerable amount of CC research focuses on changes that occur within the muscle,but cancer-related impairments in other organ systems are understudied.Furthermore,metabolic changes in organ systems other than muscle may contribute to CC.Therefore,the purpose of this review is to address degenerative mechanisms which occur during CC from a whole-body perspective.Outlining the information known about metabolic changes that occur in response to cancer is necessary to develop and enhance therapies to treat CC.As much of the current evidences in CC are from pre-clinical models we should note the majority of the data reviewed here are from preclinical models.展开更多
Exercise mitigates obesity-associated pathologies;however,there is controversy regarding optimal exercise interventions.Autophagy,is known to decrease during obesity and is an important moderator for exercise adaptati...Exercise mitigates obesity-associated pathologies;however,there is controversy regarding optimal exercise interventions.Autophagy,is known to decrease during obesity and is an important moderator for exercise adaptations.Purpose:To investigate individual and combined effects of different exercise interventions and autophagy inhibition on exercise adaptations during obesity.Methods:C57BL/6J mice initiated 45%high fat diet at 8 weeks of age.After 6 weeks of diet,animals were divided into moderate(MOD)or high intensity interval training interventions(HIIT),animals were further divided into autophagy inhibition or vehicle conditions(n=10/group).Animals exercised and autophagy was inhibited 3X/week by NSC185058 injections,thereby blocking autophagosome formation.Interventions continued for 4 weeks.Results:High fat diet impaired glucose handling~17%;exercise interventions normalized glucoregulation to prehigh fat diet levels,without differences between any interventions.High fat diet induced~25%decrease in aerobic capacity,which returned to baseline after exercise interventions,with no differences between any interventions.No effects of autophagy inhibition were noted.Conclusions:HIIT and MOD training confer similar health-related adaptations.展开更多
文摘Introduction: A high prevalence of modifiable risk factors exists among adolescents that may lead to increased levels of morbidity and mortality in adulthood. This study sought to determine whether higher levels of physical activity (PA) and/or having a healthy body weight in adolescence influences future health risk behaviors (HRB) in young adulthood. Methods: Complete data were gathered for 536 participants from a prospective study and a follow-up survey conducted 10 years apart. At both time points, the questionnaires included information about HRB, PA, and health status. Results: Males who engaged in HRB during adolescence were more likely to continue these same risk behaviors during adulthood. Using multivariate models, only HRB in adolescence predicted HRB in adulthood for drinking, binge drinking and smoking among males, and for binge drinking and smoking among females. Conclusions: It appears that for males, once a health-risk behavior is initiated, it will likely continue into young adulthood, regardless of the presence of other healthy behaviors such as the proper maintenance of body weight and higher levels of PA. Similarly for females, binge drinking and smoking in adolescence is predictive of the same behavior in adulthood.
文摘Purpose： Determine if three weeks of HIT （high-intensity interval training） improves fasting insulin sensitivity in healthy males. Methods： Participants were recreationally active （ ≥ l0 hours per week） men between 18 and 35 years of age （Ht： 180 ± 1.44 cm; Wt： 85 ± 2.95 kg; BMh 26.1 ± 0.59 kg/m^2; body fat： 19.7 ± 1.76%）. HIT training occurred 3 days weekly for 3 weeks, at intensities equivalent to 7.5% of body mass. Training volume increased weekly as follows： three sprints per session （week 1）, four sprints per session （week 2）, and five sprints per session （week 3）. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and after each week and tested for glucose and insulin. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to measure changes in both fasting glucose and insulin concentrations as well as HOMA（IR） （homeostatic model assessment） and QUICKI （quantitative insulin sensitivity check index）. Results： Values were in the normal range throughout the study and there were no significant improvements in glucose （P = 0.346）, insulin （P = 0.680）, HOMA （P = 0.567）, or QUICKI （P = 0.186）, as a result of HIT. Conclusion： While HIT may be useful in maintaining insulin sensitivity in healthy males, 3-weeks of HIT did not further improve insulin sensitivity in this group.
文摘Objective： Sit-stand desks have been designed to address high daily sitting in work and school environments. The purpose was to determine the daily pattern of use and overall likeability of sit-stand desk over the course of a semester. Participants： A total of 18 subjects （12 standing） completed the 11-week study （week 5-15 of the semester） from January-April, 2016. Methods： Each student in the standing group was given a sit-stand desk to use as they desired. Results： Individual daily standing time ranged from 0-100% of daily attendance time and the daily group average ranged from 2.1-38.4%. Two-thirds of the standing bouts were ≤ 2 min. Perception questionnaire answers were positive for using the desk and their effect on students’ ability to work in class. Conclusions： The results indicate the sit-stand desks were utilized at low levels and for short durations for most participants, but perceptions of desk use remained positive.
基金Authors would like to thank the dedicated faculty,staff and students at both the Exercise Science Research Center at the University of Arkansas and the Aging and Metabolism Research Program at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation for their consistent support of this research.Work presented here was funded by National Institutes of Health under Award Number R15AR069913 and R01AR075794 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and the National Institute of General Medical SciencesAuthor Jacob L.Brown is supported by National Institute of Aging at the National Institutes of Health 5T32AG052363-02.
文摘Cancer cachexia(CC)is a devastating syndrome characterized by weight loss,reduced fat mass and muscle mass that affects approximately 80%of cancer patients and is responsible for 22%-30%of cancer-associated deaths.Understanding underlying mechanisms for the development of CC are crucial to advance therapies to treat CC and improve cancer outcomes.CC is a multi-organ syndrome that results in extensive skeletal muscle and adipose tissue wasting;however,CC can impair other organs such as the liver,heart,brain,and bone as well.A considerable amount of CC research focuses on changes that occur within the muscle,but cancer-related impairments in other organ systems are understudied.Furthermore,metabolic changes in organ systems other than muscle may contribute to CC.Therefore,the purpose of this review is to address degenerative mechanisms which occur during CC from a whole-body perspective.Outlining the information known about metabolic changes that occur in response to cancer is necessary to develop and enhance therapies to treat CC.As much of the current evidences in CC are from pre-clinical models we should note the majority of the data reviewed here are from preclinical models.
文摘Exercise mitigates obesity-associated pathologies;however,there is controversy regarding optimal exercise interventions.Autophagy,is known to decrease during obesity and is an important moderator for exercise adaptations.Purpose:To investigate individual and combined effects of different exercise interventions and autophagy inhibition on exercise adaptations during obesity.Methods:C57BL/6J mice initiated 45%high fat diet at 8 weeks of age.After 6 weeks of diet,animals were divided into moderate(MOD)or high intensity interval training interventions(HIIT),animals were further divided into autophagy inhibition or vehicle conditions(n=10/group).Animals exercised and autophagy was inhibited 3X/week by NSC185058 injections,thereby blocking autophagosome formation.Interventions continued for 4 weeks.Results:High fat diet impaired glucose handling~17%;exercise interventions normalized glucoregulation to prehigh fat diet levels,without differences between any interventions.High fat diet induced~25%decrease in aerobic capacity,which returned to baseline after exercise interventions,with no differences between any interventions.No effects of autophagy inhibition were noted.Conclusions:HIIT and MOD training confer similar health-related adaptations.
