Influence of pH and Ultrasonic Treatment on Preparation of Titanium Phosphates and Their Powder Properties

Titanium oxide that has the photocatalytic activity is used as the white pigment for cosmetics. A certain degree of sebum on the skin is decomposed by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. In this work, as a novel white pigment, titanium phosphates were prepared from titanium sulfate and phosphoric acid at pH 5, 7, and 9, with/without ultrasonic treatment for cosmetics. Their chemical composition, powder properties, photocatalytic activity, color phase, moisture retention, and smoothness were studied. These titanium phosphates had less photocatalytic activity to protect the sebum on the skin. Sample prepared at pH 7 without ultrasonic treatment had higher moisture retention than other samples. All samples obtained in this work had the suitable smoothness for cosmetics.

Preparation of Titanium Phosphates with Sodium Triphosphate in Hydrothermal Process and Their Powder Properties for Cosmetics

As a white pigment, titanium oxide is used for cosmetic application. This oxide is well known to have the photo catalytic activity. Therefore, a certain degree of sebum on the skin is decomposed by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. In this work, titanium phosphates were prepared with titanium chloride and sodium triphosphate in hydrothermal process as a novel white pigment. Their chemical composition, powder properties, photo catalytic activity, color phase, and smoothness were studied. The obtained phosphates had little photo catalytic activity. The particle size of phosphate pigments consisted a normal distribution at 2 μm by the hydrothermal treatment for 4 and 8 hours. The slipping resistance of samples became small by the hydrothermal treatment.

Synthesis and Fluorescence Properties of Europium-Lanthanum-Calcium Orthophosphates and Condensed Phosphates

Mixtures of lanthanum oxide, europium oxide, calcium carbonate, and phosphoric acid were heated with various ratios of P/(Eu + La + Ca) and La/Ca. Europium ratio was settled at Eu/(Eu + La + Ca) = 0.03. The obtained phosphates were estimated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra, and scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images. The fluorescence spectra and resistance against hydrofluoric acid were estimated as functional properties of these phosphate materials. The mixture of lanthanum and calcium phosphates were formed from XRD patterns and IR spectra. Samples prepared in P/(Eu + La + Ca) = 2 and 3 had large particles in SEM images. The condensed phosphates showed a strong peak at 615 nm and high resistance against hydrofluoric acid.

Synthesis and Fluorescence Properties of Europium-Substituted Lanthanum Orthophosphate and Condensed Phosphates

Mixtures of lanthanum oxide, europium oxide, and phosphoric acid were heated with various ratios of P/(La + Eu) and Eu/(La + Eu). The obtained phosphates were estimated using XRD patterns, FT-IR spectra, and SEM images. The fluo-rescence spectra and resistance against hydrofluoric acid were estimated as functional properties of these phosphate materials. The condensed phosphates showed a strong peak at 615 nm and high resistance against hydrofluoric acid.

Synthesis of Novel Dark Red Phosphate Pigments in Imitation of Natural Ore

As novel dark red pigment,sodium manganese phosphate,NaMnPO4,imitated with Natrophilite,was synthesized by heating at various conditions.The heating temperature and time,volume of water,phosphorus resource were studied in this process.The obtained powders were estimated with X-ray diffraction(XRD),Infrared(IR)spectra,ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)reflectance spectra,and L^*a^*b^*color space.Further,similar chemical compositions with NaMnPO4 were also studied in the same method.The obtained samples had weak peaks of NaMnPO4 in XRD patterns.Sample synthesized in Na/Mn=1/1 at 700℃for 6 hours indicated high redness,a^*value.

Preparation of Calcium Phosphate with Oyster Shells

Oyster shells have received attention for use as a calcium resource. For this study, calcium phosphate was prepared from phosphoric acid and oyster shells. The influences of the concentration of phosphoric acid and pH in the preparation conditions were studied from the yields of calcium phosphate and unreacted carbonate, and the Ca/P ratios in precipitates. The yield of calcium phosphate and carbonate was low in the preparation condition with 0.1 mol/l of phosphoric acid. The obtained precipitates were the mixture of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate and the unreacted calcium carbonate. The reactivity of the oyster shells with phosphoric acid was discussed from the yields and Ca/P ratios in precipitates.

Preparation of Novel Scorzalite Imitated Phosphate Pigments

Novel phosphate pigments imitated with Scorzalite,FeAl2(PO4)2(OH)2,were prepared from iron and aluminum nitrate solutions,ascorbic acid,and phosphoric acid with pH adjustments(pH 5,7,9).The obtained precipitates were heated at 300,500,and 700°C for 1 h.The precipitates and their thermal products were estimated with X-ray diffraction(XRD),Infrared(IR)spectra,ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)reflectance spectra,and L*a*b*color space.The precipitated sample was not clearly colored,but it turned orange to red when heated.Samples prepared at low pH showed higher whiteness than samples prepared at high pH.The theoretical amount of ascorbic acid was sufficient to completely reduce iron during the adjustment.This study showed the possibility of novel inorganic phosphate red pigment.

Effects of Dissolution Conditions on the Recovery of Neodymium Phosphate from Waste Magnets

Neodymium-iron-boron alloy(Nd2Fe14B)is used in the manufacture of magnets.Neodymium is one of the rare earth elements and is therefore valuable.Recovery,reuse,and recycling of rare earth elements is necessary to protect this rare earth resource.Recently,a new method for recovering neodymium phosphate from iron-neodymium mixture solutions using a two-step precipitation method has been reported,avoiding the difficulties reported with previous methods.In this method,iron compounds were removed in Step I and neodymium phosphate was precipitated in Step II.This novel phosphate process was proposed because rare earth phosphate is the main component of rare earth ores.In this study,we dissolved actual waste magnets in various acids to obtain neodymium phosphate by this two-step precipitation process.The resulting precipitates were evaluated by XRD(X-ray diffraction),infrared spectroscopy,color hue,UV-visible reflectance spectra,Fe/Nd ratio,and recovery of neodymium and iron.The results showed that neodymium phosphate was selectively obtained by using nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.In particular,samples prepared with nitric acid showed no reddening due to iron compounds.

Preparation of titanium phosphate white pigments with titanium sulfate and their powder properties

Titanium oxide that has photocatalytic activity is used as white pigment for cosmetics.A certain degree of sebum on the skin is decomposed by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.In this work,as novel white pigment,titanium phosphates were synthesized with titanium sulfate and phosphoric acid for cosmetics.Their chemical composition,powder properties,photocatalytic activity,color phase,moisture retention,and smoothness were studied.These titanium phosphates had less photocatalytic activity to protect the sebum on the skin.Samples without heating and those heated at 100℃showed high reflectance in the range of visible light.Sample prepared in Ti/P=3/2 had higher moisture retention than samples prepared in other Ti/P ratios.

pH-controlled hydrothermal synthesis of titanium phosphates and their powder properties

Titanium phosphates were prepared from titanium chloride and sodium pyrophosphate at various pH in hydrothermal process as a novel white pigment for cosmetics.Their chemical composition,powder properties,photo catalytic activity,colour phase and smoothness were studied.The obtained materials had a higher Ti/P ratio than that used in preparation conditions because of the formation of titanium oxide and hydroxide.The samples prepared at pH=4 had particles smaller than 100μm.Titanium phosphates had less photo catalytic activity to protect the sebum on the skin.The obtained materials in hydrothermal process and their thermal products at 100℃showed high reflectance in the range of visible light.

Synthesis and catalytic properties of iron-cerium phosphate prepared in ethylene glycol using additives

The effects of cerium substitution,use of additives,and heating temperature on the chemical composition and catalytic activity of iron phosphate were evaluated.Iron-cerium phosphate was prepared from iron nitrate,ammonium cerium nitrate,and sodium phosphate in ethylene glycol using sodium dodecyl-sulfate or acetylacetone as additive.The chemical composition,particle shape and size distribution of the obtained samples were respectively evaluated based on ICP and XRD,SEM,and laser diffraction/scattering analysis.The catalytic activity was evaluated based on the decomposition of the complex formed from formaldehyde,ammonium acetate,and acetylacetone.XRD peaks corresponding to FePO_(4) were observed for the samples heated at 600℃whereas samples treated at lower temperatures were amorphous.Iron-cerium phosphates heated at 200℃and 400℃exhibited high catalytic activity for the decomposition of the aforementioned complex.

Synthesis of bulk lanthanum polyphosphate and other rare earth phosphates through hydrothermal hot-pressing

Bulk samples of lanthanum polyphosphate were synthesized through a hydrothermal hot-pressing(HHP)process.In this process,pressing temperature,pressure and volume of water were varied in order to improve the density and strength of the resulting materials.The strength of the bulk samples was estimated through drilling and ultrasonic treatments.In order to improve the strength of the materials,the use of microwave irradiation was examined.Lanthanum polyphosphate formed porous bulk samples with a filling factor of approximately 70%,which was calculated from real and theoretical densities.With respect to machinable strength,a drilled hole greater than 7.0 mm in diameter was obtained on some bulk samples,and the diameter of the samples was 14 mm.The HHP process is a useful method for obtaining bulk samples of lanthanum polyphosphate.Bulk lanthanum polyphosphate containing water crumbled easily to a powder form upon ultrasonication.However,these bulk samples retained their shape upon ultrasonication,despite containing water,after exposure to microwave irradiation,and also experienced minimal weight loss.Furthermore,to study the effect of microwave heating,bulk lanthanum orthophosphate,yttrium orthophosphate and polyphosphate were also examined.

Temperature Dependence and P/Zn Ratio in Phosphoric Acid Treatment of Zinc Oxide

Zinc oxide, which has photocatalytic activity, is used as white pigment for cosmetics. A certain degree of sebum on the skin is decomposed by ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. In this work, zinc oxide was shaken with phosphoric acid to synthesize a white pigment for cosmetics. Zinc oxide was set with 0.1 mol/L of phosphoric acid at P/Zn = 1/1 and 1/2, and then shaking in hot water for 1 h. The chemical composition, powder properties, photocatalytic activity, color phase, and smoothness of the obtained powder were studied. The P/Zn ratio in preparation had an effect on the reaction between phosphoric acid and zinc oxide. The photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide was inhibited by phosphoric acid treatment. The obtained samples had enough high reflectance at the visible light region.

Influences of additives on phosphoric acid treatment of titanium dioxide as a novel white pigment

Titanium dioxide is a photocatalytically active substance used as a white pigment for cosmetics.In sunlight,titanium dioxide catalyzes decomposition of a certain amount of sebum on the skin by ultraviolet radiation.Herein,a novel white pigment for use in cosmetics was developed from titanium dioxide and phosphoric acid at pH=4 with and without glycerin,sodium lactate,lactic acid,and urea.The chemical composition,powder properties,photocatalytic activity,color phase,and smoothness of the samples were studied.Addition of glycerin led to a decline in the intensity of the X-ray diffraction(XRD)peak of TiO_(2) relative to that of the other samples.The particle size of the materials prepared with and without additives was 0.3μm;however,extensive aggregation was observed in the obtained materials.The photocatalytic activity of TiO_(2) was inhibited by phosphoric acid treatment.The materials prepared with sodium lactate,lactic acid,and glycerin exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than that prepared without additives.The obtained materials showed a high reflectance in the range of visible light,and the L^(*)values in L^(*)a^(*)b^(*) color space were high(where L^(*)defines lightness,a^(*) denotes the red/green value,and b^(*) the yellow/blue value).These results indicate that the samples prepared in this work are suitable for use as white pigments.

Effect of mechanical treatment on the powder properties of zinc phosphate white pigments

Zinc oxide,which has photocatalytic activity,is used as a white pigment for cosmetics,resulting in a certain amount of sebum on the skin to be decomposed by the ultraviolet radiation in the sunlight.In this work,zinc phosphates as novel white pigments for use in cosmetics were prepared from zinc nitrate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate,and then ball-milled under various conditions.The chemical composition,powder properties,photocatalytic activity,color phase,moisture retention,and smoothness of the zinc phosphates were studied.The zinc phosphate particle size was decreased by mechanical treatment.In particular,the sample treated with sodium lactate solution had much smaller particles.The milled zinc phosphates exhibited less photocatalytic activity than zinc oxide,and thus should not decompose sebum on the skin.The milled zinc phosphates showed sufficiently high reflectance within the range of visible light to act as novel white pigments.The sample treated with sodium lactate solution had higher water retention than the sample treated with water.Further,the slip resistance and roughness of the powder particles decreased as a result of treatment with sodium lactate solution.