Energy-Efficient Data Collection over Underwater MI-Assisted Acoustic Cooperative MIMO WSNs

Underwater magnetic induction(MI)-assisted acoustic cooperative multiple-input-multipleoutput(MIMO) has been recently proposed as a promising technique for underwater wireless sensor networks(UWSNs).For the more,the energy utilization of energy-constrained sensor nodes is one of the key issues in UWSNs,and it relates to the network lifetime.In this paper,we present an energy-efficient data collection for underwater MI-assisted acoustic cooperative MIMO wireless sensor networks(WSNs),including the formation of cooperative MIMO and relay link establishment.Firstly,the cooperative MIMO is formed by considering its expected transmission range and the energy balance of nodes with it.Particularly,from the perspective of the node’s energy consumption,the expected cooperative MIMO size and the selection of master node(MN) are proposed.Sequentially,to improve the coverage of the networks and prolong the network lifetime,relay links are established by relay selection algorithm that using matching theory.Finally,the simulation results show that the proposed data collection improves its efficiency,reduces the energy consumption of the master node,improves the networks’ coverage,and extends the network lifetime.

Machine learning and human‐machine trust in healthcare:A systematic survey

As human‐machine interaction(HMI)in healthcare continues to evolve,the issue of trust in HMI in healthcare has been raised and explored.It is critical for the development and safety of healthcare that humans have proper trust in medical machines.Intelligent machines that have applied machine learning(ML)technologies continue to penetrate deeper into the medical environment,which also places higher demands on intelligent healthcare.In order to make machines play a role in HMI in healthcare more effectively and make human‐machine cooperation more harmonious,the authors need to build good humanmachine trust(HMT)in healthcare.This article provides a systematic overview of the prominent research on ML and HMT in healthcare.In addition,this study explores and analyses ML and three important factors that influence HMT in healthcare,and then proposes a HMT model in healthcare.Finally,general trends are summarised and issues to consider addressing in future research on HMT in healthcare are identified.

Non-invasive determination of murine placental and foetal functional parameters with multispectral optoacoustic tomography

Despite the importance of placental function in embryonic development,it remains poorly understood and challenging to characterize,primarily due to the lack of non-invasive imaging tools capable of monitoring placental and foetal oxygenation and perfusion parameters during pregnancy.We developed an optoacoustic tomography approach for real-time imaging through entire ~4 cm cross-sections of pregnant mice.Functional changes in both maternal and embryo regions were studied at different gestation days when subjected to an oxygen breathing challenge and perfusion with indocyanine green.Structural phenotyping of the cross-sectional scans highlighted different internal organs,whereas multi-wavelength acquisitions enabled non-invasive label-free spectroscopic assessment of blood-oxygenation parameters in foeto-placental regions,rendering a strong correlation with the amount of oxygen administered.Likewise,the placental function in protecting the embryo from extrinsically administered agents was substantiated.The proposed methodology may potentially further serve as a probing mechanism to appraise embryo development during pregnancy in the clinical setting.

Two-dimensional magnetic materials for spintronic applications

Spintronic devices are driving new paradigms of bio-inspired,energy efficient computation like neuromorphic stochastic computing and in-memory computing.They have also emerged as key candidates for non-volatile memories for embedded systems as well as alternatives to persistent memories.To meet the growing demands from such diverse applications,there is need for innovation in materials and device designs which can be scaled and adapted according to the application.Two-dimensional(2D)magnetic materials address challenges facing bulk magnet systems by offering scalability while maintaining device integrity and allowing efficient control of magnetism.In this review,we highlight the progress made in experimental studies on 2D magnetic materials towards their integration into spintronic devices.We provide an account of the various relevant material discoveries,demonstrations of current and voltage-based control of magnetism and reported device systems,while also discussing the challenges and opportunities towards integration of 2D magnetic materials in commercial spintronic devices.

Transmission-reflection optoacoustic ultrasound(TROPUS)computed tomography of small animals

Rapid progress in the development of multispectral optoacoustic tomography techniques has enabled unprecedented insights into biological dynamics and molecular processes in vivo and noninvasively at penetration and spatiotemporal scales not covered by modern optical microscopy methods.Ultrasound imaging provides highly complementary information on elastic and functional tissue properties and further aids in enhancing optoacoustic image quality.We devised the first hybrid transmission–reflection optoacoustic ultrasound(TROPUS)small animal imaging platform that combines optoacoustic tomography with both reflection-and transmission-mode ultrasound computed tomography.The system features full-view cross-sectional tomographic imaging geometry for concomitant noninvasive mapping of the absorbed optical energy,acoustic reflectivity,speed of sound,and acoustic attenuation in whole live mice with submillimeter resolution and unrivaled image quality.Graphics-processing unit(GPU)-based algorithms employing spatial compounding and bent-ray-tracing iterative reconstruction were further developed to attain real-time rendering of ultrasound tomography images in the full-ring acquisition geometry.In vivo mouse imaging experiments revealed fine details on the organ parenchyma,vascularization,tissue reflectivity,density,and stiffness.We further used the speed of sound maps retrieved by the transmission ultrasound tomography to improve optoacoustic reconstructions via two-compartment modeling.The newly developed synergistic multimodal combination offers unmatched capabilities for imaging multiple tissue properties and biomarkers with high resolution,penetration,and contrast.

Single-sweep volumetric optoacoustictomography of whole mice

Applicability of optoacoustic imaging in biology and medicine is determined by several key performance characteristics.In particular,an inherent trade-off exists between the acquired field-of-view(FOV)and temporal resolution of the measurements,which may hinder studies looking at rapid biodynamics at the whole-body level.Here,we report on a single-sweep volumetric optoacoustic tomography(sSVOT)system that attains whole body three-dimensional mouse scans within 1.8 s with better than 200μm spatial resolution.sSVOT employs a spherical matrix array transducer in combination with multibeam illumination,the latter playing a critical role in maximizing the effective FOV and imaging speed performance.The system further takes advantage of the spatial response of the individual ultrasound detection elements to mitigate common image artifacts related to limited-view tomographic geometry,thus enabling rapid acquisitions without compromising image quality and contrast.We compare performance metrics to the previously reported whole-body mouse imaging implementations and alternative image compounding and reconstruction strategies.It is anticipated that sSVOT will open new venues for studying large-scale biodynamics,such as accumulation and clearance of molecular agents and drugs across multiple organs,circulation of cells,and functional responses to stimuli.

Insulating materials for realising carbon neutrality:Opportunities,remaining issues and challenges

The 2050 carbon-neutral vision spawns a novel energy structure revolution,and the construction of the future energy structure is based on equipment innovation.Insulating material,as the core of electrical power equipment and electrified transportation asset,faces unprecedented challenges and opportunities.The goal of carbon neutral and the urgent need for innovation in electric power equipment and electrification assets are first discussed.The engineering challenges constrained by the insulation system in future electric power equipment/devices and electrified transportation assets are investigated.Insulating materials,including intelligent insulating material,high thermal conductivity insulating material,high energy storage density insulating material,extreme environment resistant insulating material,and environmental-friendly insulating material,are cat-egorised with their scientific issues,opportunities and challenges under the goal of carbon neutrality being discussed.In the context of carbon neutrality,not only improves the understanding of the insulation problems from a macro level,that is,electrical power equipment and electrified transportation asset,but also offers opportunities,remaining issues and challenges from the insulating material level.It is hoped that this paper en-visions the challenges regarding design and reliability of insulations in electrical equipment and electric vehicles in the context of policies towards carbon neutrality rules.The authors also hope that this paper can be helpful in future development and research of novel insulating materials,which promote the realisation of the carbon-neutral vision.

Photo-induced macro/mesoscopic scale ion displacement in mixed-halide perovskites:ring structures and ionic plasma oscillations

Contrary to the common belief that the light-induced halide ion segregation in a mixed halide alloy occurs within the illuminated area,we find that the Br ions released by light are expelled from the illuminated area,which generates a macro/mesoscopic size anion ring surrounding the illuminated area,exhibiting a photoluminescence ring.This intriguing phenomenon can be explained as resulting from two counter-balancing effects:the outward diffusion of the light-induced free Br ions and the Coulombic force between the anion deficit and surplus region.Right after removing the illumination,the macro/mesoscopic scale ion displacement results in a built-in voltage of about 0.4 V between the ring and the center.Then,the displaced anions return to the illuminated area,and the restoring force leads to a damped ultra-low-frequency oscillatory ion motion,with a period of about 20-30 h and lasting over 100 h.This finding may be the first observation of an ionic plasma oscillation in solids.Our understanding and controlling the"ion segregation"demonstrate that it is possible to turn this commonly viewed"adverse phenomenon"into novel electronic applications,such as ionic patterning,self-destructive memory,and energy storage.

Hybrid magnetic resonance and optoacoustic tomography(MROT) for preclinical neuroimaging

Multi-modal imaging is essential for advancing our understanding of brain function and unraveling pathophysiological processes underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders.Magnetic resonance(MR)and optoacoustic(OA)imaging have been shown to provide highly complementary contrasts and capabilities for preclinical neuroimaging.True integration between these modalities can thus offer unprecedented capabilities for studying the rodent brain in action.We report on a hybrid magnetic resonance and optoacoustic tomography(MROT)system for concurrent noninvasive structural and functional imaging of the mouse brain.Volumetric OA tomography was designed as an insert into a high-field MR scanner by integrating a customized MR-compatible spherical transducer array,an illumination module,and a dedicated radiofrequency coil.A tailored data processing pipeline has been developed to mitigate signal crosstalk and accurately register image volumes acquired with T1-weighted,angiography,and blood oxygenation level-dependent(BOLD)sequences onto the corresponding vascular and oxygenation data recorded with the OA modality.We demonstrate the concurrent acquisition of dual-mode anatomical and angiographic brain images with the scanner,as well as real-time functional readings of multiple hemodynamic parameters from animals subjected to oxygenation stress.Our approach combines the functional and molecular imaging advantages of OA with the superb soft-tissue contrast of MR,further providing an excellent platform for cross-validation of functional readings by the two modalities.

Unveiling bulk and surface radiation forces in a dielectric liquid

Precise control over light-matter interactions is critical for many optical manipulation and material characterization methodologies,further playing a paramount role in a host of nanotechnology applications.Nonetheless,the fundamental aspects of interactions between electromagnetic fields and matter have yet to be established unequivocally in terms of an electromagnetic momentum density.Here,we use tightly focused pulsed laser beams to detect bulk and boundary optical forces in a dielectric fluid.From the optical convoluted signal,we decouple thermal and nonlinear optical effects from the radiation forces using a theoretical interpretation based on the Microscopic Ampère force density.It is shown,for the first time,that the time-dependent pressure distribution within the fluid chiefly originates from the electrostriction effects.Our results shed light on the contribution of optical forces to the surface displacements observed at the dielectric air-water interfaces,thus shedding light on the long-standing controversy surrounding the basic definition of electromagnetic momentum density in matter.

Reduced Firing of Nucleus Accumbens Parvalbumin Interneurons Impairs Risk Avoidance in DISC1 Transgenic Mice

A strong animal survival instinct is to approach objects and situations that are of benefit and to avoid risk.In humans,a large proportion of mental disorders are accompanied by impairments in risk avoidance.One of the most important genes involved in mental disorders is disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1(DISC1),and animal models in which this gene has some level of dysfunction show emotion-related impairments.However,it is not known whether DISC1 mouse models have an impairment in avoiding potential risks.In the present study,we used DISC1-N terminal truncation(DISC1-N^(TM))mice to investigate risk avoidance and found that these mice were impaired in risk avoidance on the elevated plus maze(EPM)and showed reduced social preference in a three-chamber social interaction test.Following EPM tests,c-Fos expression levels indicated that the nucleus accumbens(NAc)was associated with risk-avoidance behavior in DISC1-N^(TM)mice.In addition,in vivo electrophysiological recordings following tamoxifen administration showed that the firing rates of fast-spiking neurons(FS)in the NAc were significantly lower in DISC1-N^(TM)mice than in wild-type(WT)mice.In addition,in vitro patch clamp recording revealed that the frequency of action potentials stimulated by current injection was lower in parvalbumin(PV)neurons in the NAc of DISC1-N^(TM)mice than in WT controls.The impairment of risk avoidance in DISC1-N^(TM)mice was rescued using optogenetic tools that activated NAcPV neurons.Finally,inhibition of the activity of NAcPV neurons in PV-Cre mice mimicked the risk-avoidance impairment found in DISC1-N^(TM)mice during tests on the elevated zero maze.Taken together,our findings confirm an impairment in risk avoidance in DISC1-N^(TM)mice and suggest that reduced excitability of NAc^(PV) neurons is responsible.