From“prototype”to“model”:Architectural and spatial development of Block A(1924—1945)of Istanbul’s Heybeliada Sanatorium

This article examines Block A,the first block-style building in Heybeliada Sanatorium in Istanbul.The purpose of this research is to understand its architectural and spatial development and discuss how in fact it was a“prototype”of Turkish sanatoria.Approached with a three-step methodology(documentation/evaluation/results)this research conducts architectural and spatial analysis on Block A.Primary sources like architectural documentation and restitution drawings,the writings of the institution’s head doctor Tevfik Ismail Gökçe,periodicals on tuberculosis(TB),as well as pertinent literature are utilized.The findings demonstrate that Block A’s development(1924—1945)was the result of knowledge transfer that introduced the universal sanatorium design principles,spatial experiments,adaptation to sociocultural norms,and trial-and-error processes.Not only it had a major impact on shaping of the second block-type building in the complex,the“model”Block B,but it also became exemplary of the subsequent Turkish sanatoria.The originality of this article is its exploration of the changing and evolving Block A in its resonation with the cultural tensions of Turkey’s modernization process.This was established via the assessment of budgetary issues,medical developments and climatic experiments,the social issue of scarcity of TB beds in the country,spatial practices to separate the sexes as reflections of local traditions and culture in the shaping of spaces.

Neuroscience and architecture:What does the brain tell to an emotional experience of architecture via a functional MR study?

Environment psychologically affects individuals.According to the base of cognitive psychology,there is a direct relationship between human behavior,environment,and emotional process.Assuming that pleasantness and unpleasantness are associated with peripheral nervous system activation,the current study aims to explore if the pleasant or unpleasant architectural places can stimulate the brain regions engaged in emotions or not.As the main contribution,we used functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)measuring blood oxygenation level-dependent(BOLD)changes to effectively detect the brain’s region that mainly responds to the emotional-perceptual processes.Based on the results of examining the emotional assessment model of “Pleasure-Arousal”applied to 140 students,30 most-rated images representing 15 pleasant and 15 unpleasant places were shown to 32 participants in a 1.5-T MRI scanner.After applying standard preprocessing steps(re-alignment,slice-timing,coregistration,segmentation,normalization,and smoothing)to functional MR images,first-level analysis was applied to each subject.The results were evaluated using statistical corrections at different levels for female and male participants with the second-level analysis.In conclusion,it has been shown that there is a significant linkage between environmental experience and brain activation so that the architectural qualities can change blood flow in specific brain regions.

Architectural Design for Re-functioning Historic Ottoman Warehouses: Case Study in Istanbul

Restoration of historical buildings is important because they maintain cultural and historical continuity and transmit the cultural and social values from our precedents to future generations.Historical buildings need to adapt themselves to a changing cultural,social,economic,and political context.In this paper refunctioning project of a historic Ottoman,warehouse is presented.The aim of the project is to re-gain this historical structure for public use by re-newing it to the modern comfort level and making the required functional changes.The main structural system of the warehouse consists of thick masonry stone walls.The idea in the proposed restoration project is to build a two-story steel structure inside the available volume of the warehouse.The columns of the new steel construction run parallel to the existing structural system of the historic building and are fixed at their base to the existing building foundation.Hence,there is no connection between the proposed steel structure walls and the existing masonry walls,and this will save the historic fabric of the warehouse.The project proposal shows the details of planned restoration stages,the process of programming the new interior space,construction materials,and lighting and ventilation solutions.Furthermore,in this project,two-and threedimensional computer drawings were used.Finally,the proposed parallel steel structure is able to regain the warehouse and renew it to be used as a modern housing and workshop.

Measuring the spatial and social characteristics of the architectural plans of aged care facilities

This paper presents a method that combines visibility graph and isovist analyses to investigate the spatia[ and social properties of architectural plans for aged care facilities. The potential of the combined method is examined by measuring the properties of three sets of plans for residential aged care facilities. The first set is a pair of hypothetical, idealized plans, which allegedly reflect the ＂best practice＂ in the industry. The second set comprises a pair of plans for recent Australian designs, and the third set is a pair of plans for South Korean facilities. Results of the computational anatysis of these six plans suggest that social and cultural factors may shape the design of aged care settings and partially explain their international differences. The application of this methodological approach contributes to the understanding of the relation- ship between spaces and their cultural and social properties in the design of aged care facitities.

Exploring the spatial arrangement of patient rooms for minimum nurse travel m hospital nursing units in Korea

With in creasing dema nds on medical care services,one of the trends is the mixed patient room arrangement of single/double-bed and multi-bed rooms in a nursing unit on the same floor.This influences nurse-to-patient assignment and often causes an unbalanced workload and longer travel distances for nurses.The objective of this study was to investigate how floor configuration and room density influence nurse travel in the hospitafs medical surgical urdts in Korea.This study presented a novel approach to measure nurse travel distances in eight existingn ursing units.The agent-based simulation was con ducted to model nurses'walking trails,and the distanee of one nurse travel to assigned patient rooms was measured for each nurse.With revisions in the spatial arrangement of patient rooms,locating multibed rooms near the nurse station,symmetric room layout centering the nurse station,and planning both single/double-bed and multi-bed rooms on one side of corridors,nurse travel distanee decreased more than 15%.This study contributed to the knowledge of agent-based simulation as an evaluation framework for spatial analysis.Apart from application to Korea,these results are particularly of interest in countries where private patient rooms are not commonly economically feasible.

Utilizing agro-industrial wastes panels in developing cost-efficient thermally insulating wall claddings for residential energy retrofitting in Egypt

Local agro-industrial wastes-based particleboards and fiberboards in Egypt are manufactured mainly from sugarcane-bagasse and flax shives.These panels are used in decorations and interior claddings.This paper aimed to broaden their market to be utilized in local low-cost and simple building envelope retrofitting packages in-stead of conventional packages that depend on imported expanded polystyrene and wet-rendered gypsum boards.Thermal conductivities of various existing sugarcane-bagasse and flax-shives-based panels were measured to be used in developing multilayered interior claddings with adequate thermal insulating performance to increase the thermal mass of a validated non-insulated case-study residential building as recommended by the Egyptian Code for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings.Models retrofitted using the developed cladding assemblies were simulated using Design Builder to determine their achieved annual energy savings and predict their profitability.Thermal conductivities of sugarcane-bagasse and flax-shives-based particleboards were lower than wood-based cladding panels,with the range of 0.05-0.1166 W/mK.Moreover,the thermal conductivities of sugarcane-bagasse fiberboard had the range of 0.0926-01,111 W/mK which is significantly lower than wood-based fiberboards.Simulation results showed that both models retrofitted,sugarcane bagasse-based and flax shives-based,achieved better energy savings,5.07%and 5.04%,than the conventionally retrofitted model,3.73%.Furthermore,the flax-shives-based model showed higher profitability,with positive income achieved in the 15th year,than a con-ventionally retrofitted model,achieved in the 20th year,and the sugarcane-bagasse-based model,achieved in the 19th year.Thus,it was recommended that although flax-shives-based wall claddings were usually 14-20%thicker than sugarcane-bagasse-based claddings,they provided similarly high annual energy savings with lower initial costs and higher profitability.

Assessing architectural color preference after Le Corbusier’s 1931 Salubra keyboards:A cross cultural analysis

Color preference for the interior of a bedroom of Le Corbusier’s Swiss Pavilion was studied using 1931 Salubra color keyboards in a cross-cultural analysis.Results indicate that students from architecture and interior design slightly dislike or are indifferent to Le Corbusier color combinations and prefer pale and low saturated colors for interior architecture.The least preferred colors belong to green and brown hues.Scarce significant gender differences are found that follow a stereotyped tendency,with females preferring pinks,light blues and light greens,while males vivid oranges and Vermilions.Near Easterners are significantly more likely to green colors,while Western Europeans to dark greys.These data indicate that not only hue,but also value and saturation are important color features to inform preference for interior architecture.