1.Introduction Before coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became a global health emergency in early 2020,there was substantial evidence of physical activity’s (PA’s) multiple benefits with direct relevance to reduci...1.Introduction Before coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became a global health emergency in early 2020,there was substantial evidence of physical activity’s (PA’s) multiple benefits with direct relevance to reducing the harms of the pandemic:improved immune functioning and reduced inflammation to lessen severity of infections,enhanced efficacy of vaccines.展开更多
Background:The development of computer vision technology has enabled the use of markerless movement tracking for biomechanical analysis.Recent research has reported the feasibility of markerless systems in motion anal...Background:The development of computer vision technology has enabled the use of markerless movement tracking for biomechanical analysis.Recent research has reported the feasibility of markerless systems in motion analysis but has yet to fully explore their utility for capturing faster movements,such as running.Applied studies using markerless systems in clinical and sports settings are still lacking.Thus,the present study compared running biomechanics estimated by marker-based and markerless systems.Given running speed not only affects sports performance but is also associated with clinical injury prevention,diagnosis,and rehabilitation,we aimed to investigate the effects of speed on the comparison of estimated lower extremity joint moments and powers between markerless and marker-based technologies during treadmill running as a concurrent validating study.Methods:Kinematic data from marker-based/markerless technologies were collected,along with ground reaction force data,from 16 young adults running on an instrumented treadmill at 3 speeds:2.24 m/s,2.91 m/s,and 3.58 m/s(5.0 miles/h,6.5 miles/h,and 8.0 miles/h).Sagittal plane moments and powers of the hip,knee,and ankle were calculated by inverse dynamic methods.Time series analysis and statistical parametric mapping were used to determine system differences.Results:Compared to the marker-based system,the markerless system estimated increased lower extremity joint kinetics with faster speed during the swing phase in most cases.Conclusion:Despite the promising application of markerless technology in clinical settings,systematic markerless overestimation requires focused attention.Based on segment pose estimations,the centers of mass estimated by markerless technologies were farther away from the relevant distal joint centers,which led to greater joint moments and powers estimates by markerless vs.marker-based systems.The differences were amplified by running speed.展开更多
Background:One of the most life-threatening comorbidities in elderly cancer patients is cancer cachexia,which is characterized by the ongoing loss of skeletal muscular strength and mass and is also associated with agi...Background:One of the most life-threatening comorbidities in elderly cancer patients is cancer cachexia,which is characterized by the ongoing loss of skeletal muscular strength and mass and is also associated with aging.There is a lack of recommendations for optimal resistance training(RT) for those patients.The purpose of this study was to systematically review and quantify the effects of RT on muscular strength and hypertrophy in elderly cancer patients.Methods: Five electronic databases were searched(until January 2020) for studies that met the following criteria:(i) cancer patients aged>60 years;(ii) structured and supervised RT intervention for>6 weeks;and(iii) measured muscular strength and/or hypertrophy.Results:Thirteen studies(717 participants,average age=66 years) met the inclusion criteria.RT significantly increased muscular strength(mean effect size=0.87,95% confidence interval(95%CI):0.43-1.32,p <0.001) and did not significantly induce muscle hypertrophy(mean effect size=0.09,95%CI:-0.14 to 0.31,p=0.45).In subgroup analyses for muscle strength,higher weekly frequency was significantly associated with larger effect size.Egger’ s test showed no significant publication bias for the 2 outcomes.Conclusion:The results suggest that RT improves muscular strength but does not significantly induce muscle hypertrophy in elderly cancer patients.展开更多
KEY POINTS A low-carbohydrate diet in athletes impairs their exercise tolerance and their ability to beneficially adapt to long-term physical training. Physical performance and mood state seem better maintained ...KEY POINTS A low-carbohydrate diet in athletes impairs their exercise tolerance and their ability to beneficially adapt to long-term physical training. Physical performance and mood state seem better maintained with a high vs. moderate carbohydrate diet, thus reducing the symptoms of overreaching and possibly overtraining.展开更多
Purpose'. To identify co-produced multi-stakeholder perspectives important for successful widespread physically active learning (PAL) adoptionand implementation.Methods: A total of 35 stakeholders (policymakers ≪ ...Purpose'. To identify co-produced multi-stakeholder perspectives important for successful widespread physically active learning (PAL) adoptionand implementation.Methods: A total of 35 stakeholders (policymakers ≪ = 9;commercial education sector, ≪ = 8;teachers, w = 3;researchers, w = 15) attended adesign thinking PAL workshop. Participants formed 5 multi-disciplinary groups with at least 1 representative from each stakeholder group. Eachgroup, facilitated by a researcher, undertook 2 tasks: (1) using Post-it Notes, the following question was answered: within the school day, whatare the opportunities for learning combined with movement? and (2) structured as a washing-line task, the following question was answered:how can we establish PAL as the norm? All discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed. Inductive analyses were conducted by 4 authors.After the analyses were complete, the main themes and subthemes were assigned to 4 predetermined categories: (1) PAL design and implementation,(2) priorities for practice, (3) priorities for policy, and (4) priorities for research.Results'. The following were the main themes for PAL implementation: opportunities for PAL within the school day, delivery environments,learning approaches, and the intensity of PAL. The main themes for the priorities for practice included teacher confidence and competence,resources to support delivery, and community of practice. The main themes for the policy for priorities included self-governance, the Office forStandards in Education, Children's Services, and Skill, policy investment in initial teacher training, and curriculum reform. The main themes forthe research priorities included establishing a strong evidence base, school-based PAL implementation, and a whole-systems approach.Conclusion-. The present study is the first to identify PAL implementation factors using a combined multi-stakeholder perspective. To achievewider PAL adoption and implementation, future interventions should be evidence based and address implementation factors at the classroomlevel (e.g., approaches and delivery environments), school level (e.g., comm unties of practice), and policy level (e.g., initial teacher training).展开更多
<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Objective:</strong> To test the hypothesis that the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) phenotype in...<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Objective:</strong> To test the hypothesis that the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) phenotype in an indigenous population is characterized by proportionally short legs and obesity. <strong>Methods:</strong> Anthropometric characteristics were compared in females and males with T2DM (n = 20, n = 8, respectively) and without T2DM (n = 117, n = 93, respectively). Factor analysis derived dimensions were regressed on T2DM in logistic regression. <strong>Results:</strong> Weight, sitting height ratio and hip circumference were significantly lower (p < 0.0001) in females, while waist: hip ratio was significantly higher among women and men with T2DM (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.008, respectively). Arm circumference, triceps skinfold, arm muscle circumference, and right and left grip strength were significantly lower among T2DM women (p < 0.0001 for each). Five rotated principal components accounted for 86.7% of the variance: muscular (grip) strength (29.6%), body mass (27.9%), central adiposity (10.7%), body height (9.3%), and trunk length (9.2%). Regression of factors on T2DM status among females indicated muscle strength (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.04 - 0.71) and central adiposity (OR = 13.76, 95% CI: 3.80 - 49.83) were predictors of T2DM. In males, muscle strength (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.07 - 1.08, p < 0.06) and central adiposity significantly predicted T2DM (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 95% 1.11 - 9.04, p < 0.008). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Reduced muscle strength/mass and increased central adiposity characterize the T2DM phenotype.</span> </div>展开更多
Technological advances have increased the prevalence of sedentary behaviors, as physical inactivity has become one of the leading risk factors of death worldwide;a situation that burdens the health care system with pr...Technological advances have increased the prevalence of sedentary behaviors, as physical inactivity has become one of the leading risk factors of death worldwide;a situation that burdens the health care system with preventable health disorders. 1 Increased incidence of disease decrease the quality of life, even among children, because diseases that formerly onset during adulthood are now impacting people early in their lives, as well as at the end of their lives,"by cumulative damage over time or by the biological embedding of adversities during sensitive developmental periods"(p.1).2.展开更多
In cross-sectional and intervention studies, low-fat dairy has proven to be effective in lowering blood pressure in a hypertensive population. Contributing mechanisms include the angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibiti...In cross-sectional and intervention studies, low-fat dairy has proven to be effective in lowering blood pressure in a hypertensive population. Contributing mechanisms include the angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibiting effects of peptides and possible interplay between calcium and vitamin D. Easily added to the diet, low-fat dairy is an attractive addition to nutritional, lifestyle, and pharmacological interventions to treat hypertension.展开更多
文摘1.Introduction Before coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became a global health emergency in early 2020,there was substantial evidence of physical activity’s (PA’s) multiple benefits with direct relevance to reducing the harms of the pandemic:improved immune functioning and reduced inflammation to lessen severity of infections,enhanced efficacy of vaccines.
文摘Background:The development of computer vision technology has enabled the use of markerless movement tracking for biomechanical analysis.Recent research has reported the feasibility of markerless systems in motion analysis but has yet to fully explore their utility for capturing faster movements,such as running.Applied studies using markerless systems in clinical and sports settings are still lacking.Thus,the present study compared running biomechanics estimated by marker-based and markerless systems.Given running speed not only affects sports performance but is also associated with clinical injury prevention,diagnosis,and rehabilitation,we aimed to investigate the effects of speed on the comparison of estimated lower extremity joint moments and powers between markerless and marker-based technologies during treadmill running as a concurrent validating study.Methods:Kinematic data from marker-based/markerless technologies were collected,along with ground reaction force data,from 16 young adults running on an instrumented treadmill at 3 speeds:2.24 m/s,2.91 m/s,and 3.58 m/s(5.0 miles/h,6.5 miles/h,and 8.0 miles/h).Sagittal plane moments and powers of the hip,knee,and ankle were calculated by inverse dynamic methods.Time series analysis and statistical parametric mapping were used to determine system differences.Results:Compared to the marker-based system,the markerless system estimated increased lower extremity joint kinetics with faster speed during the swing phase in most cases.Conclusion:Despite the promising application of markerless technology in clinical settings,systematic markerless overestimation requires focused attention.Based on segment pose estimations,the centers of mass estimated by markerless technologies were farther away from the relevant distal joint centers,which led to greater joint moments and powers estimates by markerless vs.marker-based systems.The differences were amplified by running speed.
文摘Background:One of the most life-threatening comorbidities in elderly cancer patients is cancer cachexia,which is characterized by the ongoing loss of skeletal muscular strength and mass and is also associated with aging.There is a lack of recommendations for optimal resistance training(RT) for those patients.The purpose of this study was to systematically review and quantify the effects of RT on muscular strength and hypertrophy in elderly cancer patients.Methods: Five electronic databases were searched(until January 2020) for studies that met the following criteria:(i) cancer patients aged>60 years;(ii) structured and supervised RT intervention for>6 weeks;and(iii) measured muscular strength and/or hypertrophy.Results:Thirteen studies(717 participants,average age=66 years) met the inclusion criteria.RT significantly increased muscular strength(mean effect size=0.87,95% confidence interval(95%CI):0.43-1.32,p <0.001) and did not significantly induce muscle hypertrophy(mean effect size=0.09,95%CI:-0.14 to 0.31,p=0.45).In subgroup analyses for muscle strength,higher weekly frequency was significantly associated with larger effect size.Egger’ s test showed no significant publication bias for the 2 outcomes.Conclusion:The results suggest that RT improves muscular strength but does not significantly induce muscle hypertrophy in elderly cancer patients.
文摘KEY POINTS A low-carbohydrate diet in athletes impairs their exercise tolerance and their ability to beneficially adapt to long-term physical training. Physical performance and mood state seem better maintained with a high vs. moderate carbohydrate diet, thus reducing the symptoms of overreaching and possibly overtraining.
基金supported by an internal research grant from the School of Sport,Leeds Beckett University
文摘Purpose'. To identify co-produced multi-stakeholder perspectives important for successful widespread physically active learning (PAL) adoptionand implementation.Methods: A total of 35 stakeholders (policymakers ≪ = 9;commercial education sector, ≪ = 8;teachers, w = 3;researchers, w = 15) attended adesign thinking PAL workshop. Participants formed 5 multi-disciplinary groups with at least 1 representative from each stakeholder group. Eachgroup, facilitated by a researcher, undertook 2 tasks: (1) using Post-it Notes, the following question was answered: within the school day, whatare the opportunities for learning combined with movement? and (2) structured as a washing-line task, the following question was answered:how can we establish PAL as the norm? All discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed. Inductive analyses were conducted by 4 authors.After the analyses were complete, the main themes and subthemes were assigned to 4 predetermined categories: (1) PAL design and implementation,(2) priorities for practice, (3) priorities for policy, and (4) priorities for research.Results'. The following were the main themes for PAL implementation: opportunities for PAL within the school day, delivery environments,learning approaches, and the intensity of PAL. The main themes for the priorities for practice included teacher confidence and competence,resources to support delivery, and community of practice. The main themes for the policy for priorities included self-governance, the Office forStandards in Education, Children's Services, and Skill, policy investment in initial teacher training, and curriculum reform. The main themes forthe research priorities included establishing a strong evidence base, school-based PAL implementation, and a whole-systems approach.Conclusion-. The present study is the first to identify PAL implementation factors using a combined multi-stakeholder perspective. To achievewider PAL adoption and implementation, future interventions should be evidence based and address implementation factors at the classroomlevel (e.g., approaches and delivery environments), school level (e.g., comm unties of practice), and policy level (e.g., initial teacher training).
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Objective:</strong> To test the hypothesis that the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) phenotype in an indigenous population is characterized by proportionally short legs and obesity. <strong>Methods:</strong> Anthropometric characteristics were compared in females and males with T2DM (n = 20, n = 8, respectively) and without T2DM (n = 117, n = 93, respectively). Factor analysis derived dimensions were regressed on T2DM in logistic regression. <strong>Results:</strong> Weight, sitting height ratio and hip circumference were significantly lower (p < 0.0001) in females, while waist: hip ratio was significantly higher among women and men with T2DM (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.008, respectively). Arm circumference, triceps skinfold, arm muscle circumference, and right and left grip strength were significantly lower among T2DM women (p < 0.0001 for each). Five rotated principal components accounted for 86.7% of the variance: muscular (grip) strength (29.6%), body mass (27.9%), central adiposity (10.7%), body height (9.3%), and trunk length (9.2%). Regression of factors on T2DM status among females indicated muscle strength (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.04 - 0.71) and central adiposity (OR = 13.76, 95% CI: 3.80 - 49.83) were predictors of T2DM. In males, muscle strength (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.07 - 1.08, p < 0.06) and central adiposity significantly predicted T2DM (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 95% 1.11 - 9.04, p < 0.008). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Reduced muscle strength/mass and increased central adiposity characterize the T2DM phenotype.</span> </div>
文摘Technological advances have increased the prevalence of sedentary behaviors, as physical inactivity has become one of the leading risk factors of death worldwide;a situation that burdens the health care system with preventable health disorders. 1 Increased incidence of disease decrease the quality of life, even among children, because diseases that formerly onset during adulthood are now impacting people early in their lives, as well as at the end of their lives,"by cumulative damage over time or by the biological embedding of adversities during sensitive developmental periods"(p.1).2.
文摘In cross-sectional and intervention studies, low-fat dairy has proven to be effective in lowering blood pressure in a hypertensive population. Contributing mechanisms include the angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibiting effects of peptides and possible interplay between calcium and vitamin D. Easily added to the diet, low-fat dairy is an attractive addition to nutritional, lifestyle, and pharmacological interventions to treat hypertension.
