Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 in hematological malignancies and its clinical applications

Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1(MALAT1)is a well-established oncogenic long non-coding RNA,the higher expression of which is strongly correlated with cancer events such as tumorigenesis,progression,metastasis,drug resistance,and treatment outcome in solid cancers.Recently,a series of studies has highlighted its potential role in hematological malignancies in terms of these events.Similar to solid cancers,MALAT1 can regulate various target genes via sponging and epigenetic mechanisms,but the miRNAs sponged by MALAT1 differ from those identified in solid cancers.In this review,we systematically describe the role and underlying mechanisms of MALAT1 in multiple types of hematological malignancies,including regulation of cell proliferation,metastasis,stress response,and glycolysis.Clinically,MALAT1 expression is related to poor treatment outcome and drug resistance,therefore exhibiting potential prognostic value in multiple myeloma,lymphoma,and leukemia.Finally,we discuss the evaluation of MALAT1 as a novel therapeutic target against cancer in preclinical studies.

Clinical application of free/total PSA ratio in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in men over 50 years of age with total PSA levels of 2.0-25.0 ng ml^(−1) in Western China

The goal of this study was to investigate the clinical application of free/total prostate-specific antigen(F/T PSA)ratio,considering the new broad serum total PSA(T-PSA)“gray zone”of 2.0–25.0 ng ml^(−1)in differential diagnosis of prostate cancer(PCa)and benign prostate diseases(BPD)in men over 50 years in Western China.A total of 1655 patients were included,528 with PCa and 1127 with BPD.Serum T-PSA,free PSA(F-PSA),and F/T PSA ratio were analyzed.Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the efficiency of PSA and F/T PSA ratio.There were 47.4%of cancer patients with T-PSA of 2.0–25.0 ng ml^(−1).When T-PSA was 2.0–4.0 ng ml^(−1),4.0–10.0 ng ml^(−1),and 10.0–25.0 ng ml^(−1),the area under the curve(AUC)of F/T PSA ratio was 0.749,0.769,and 0.761,respectively.The best AUC of F/T PSA ratio was 0.811 when T-PSA was 2.0–25.0 ng ml^(−1),with a specificity of 0.732,a sensitivity of 0.788,and an optimal cutoff value of 15.5%.The AUC of F/T PSA ratio in different age groups(50–59 years,60–69 years,70–79 years,and≥80 years)was 0.767,0.806,0.815,and 0.833,respectively,and the best sensitivity(0.857)and specificity(0.802)were observed in patients over 80 years.The T-PSA trend was in accordance with the Gleason score,tumor node metastasis(TNM)stage,and American Joint Committee on Cancer prognosis group.Therefore,the F/T PSA ratio can facilitate the differential diagnosis of PCa and BPD in the broad T-PSA“gray zone”.Serum T-PSA can be a Gleason score and prognostic indicator.