Chicago Millennium Park is a place where "post-modern architecture" concentrates, Cloud Gate, Crown Fountain and Jay Pritzker Music Pavilion are three representative post-modern architectures in the park. Mi...Chicago Millennium Park is a place where "post-modern architecture" concentrates, Cloud Gate, Crown Fountain and Jay Pritzker Music Pavilion are three representative post-modern architectures in the park. Millennium Park is an urban public space of Chicago City, its design concepts such as resource sharing and adaptation to local conditions are worth learning.展开更多
Introduction:Public urban parks are accessible to everyone in a city.The time people need to reach a public park influences the accessibility of the park.Parks far away from home are less accessible because of time to...Introduction:Public urban parks are accessible to everyone in a city.The time people need to reach a public park influences the accessibility of the park.Parks far away from home are less accessible because of time to spend to reach them than those in the neighborhood.Good green urban infrastructure aims to provide different types of parks(by size and structure)to all urban dwellers.The network of parks should allow all inhabitants to have access to parks within close proximity to their residences.Methods:This paper aims to investigate the accessibility of parks as related to the social status of the inhabitants.This was investigated using the example of a clearly socially stratified city(Tabriz,Iran),in which a part of the urban society(by total number and social status)has better or worse access to urban parks.The example of urban parks shows which services are supplied on site and who the potential users are within an accessible distance.The services are qualified by structural park indicators and quantified by the quantity of these indicators.The distances are calculated on the basis of the size of the parks.Different distance circles around the parks indicate from where most of the users are coming,depending on park category.A quantification of population as related to potential users by social status in different distances to the parks shows the accessibility of parks for different quantities of inhabitants and different social strata.The classification of social status(high,middle,and low)was carried out by General Census of statistical center in 2005,informal settlement project data,statistical blocks data,land price in Tabriz municipality,and master and detailed plan reports.Results:Many households do not enjoy government recommended levels of access to public green spaces in Tabriz,and the results highlight the social segregation in park distribution and their accessibility.Conclusions:The best parks are located in the high social status areas,and the accessibility is the best among all societal levels.展开更多
Introduction:Due to the health effects caused by airborne pollutants in urban areas,forecasting of air quality parameters is one of the most important topics of air quality research.During recent years,statistical mod...Introduction:Due to the health effects caused by airborne pollutants in urban areas,forecasting of air quality parameters is one of the most important topics of air quality research.During recent years,statistical models based on artificial neural networks(ANNs)have been increasingly applied and evaluated for forecasting of air quality.Methods:The development of ANN and multiple linear regressions(MLRs)has been applied to short-term prediction of the NO_(2) and NO_(x) concentrations as a function of meteorological conditions.The optimum structure of ANN was determined by a trial and error method.We used hourly NO_(x) and NO_(2) concentrations and metrological parameters,automatic monitoring network during October and November 2012 for two monitoring sites(Abrasan and Farmandari sites)in Tabriz,Iran.Results:Designing of the network architecture is based on the approximation theory of Kolmogorov,and the structure of ANN with 30 neurons had the best performance.ANN trained by scaled-conjugate-gradient(trainscg)training algorithm has implemented to model.It also demonstrates that MLP neural networks offer several advantages over linear MLR models.The results show that the correlation coefficient(R2)values are 0.92 and 0/94 for NO_(2) and NO_(x) concentrations,respectively.But in MLR model,R2 values were 0.41 and 0.44 for NO_(2) and NO_(x) concentrations,respectively.Conclusions:This work shows that MLP neural networks can accurately model the relationship between local meteorological data and NO_(2) and NO_(x) concentrations in an urban environment compared to linear models.展开更多
Introduction:In recent years,models of land-use change and urban growth have become important tools for city planners,economists,ecologists,and resource managers.In most models,future land-use changes are forecasted b...Introduction:In recent years,models of land-use change and urban growth have become important tools for city planners,economists,ecologists,and resource managers.In most models,future land-use changes are forecasted based on past development pattern and expansion to periphery.While today,metropolitan areas employ smart-growth strategies.The main objectives in this study are according to the smart-growth infill.In this approach,transmission of incompatible land uses to the outside of the city boundary,redevelopment,improvement,and renovation of urban old district and worn-out texture and reuse of abandoned land to new urban development are considered.In fact,the objective is the using of the infill development pattern to modeling approach for simulating urban future development using potentials inside the city.Methods:This paper presents a Land Transformation Model of urban land-use change based on an artificial neural network and a geographical information system.For developing this approach,future development of Tabriz city based on past development trend and infill development pattern is modeled.Results:The modeling result based on past development pattern shows that the 31.26% of green spaces and 60.93% of agricultural land and wasteland will be destroyed and the built area will increase 89.75% from 2005 to 2021.Development of infill development pattern model can regularize urban expansion in the coming decades.The result of infill development pattern,show that the built area will increase 40.32 percent and agricultural land and wasteland area decrease 32.67 percent until 2021.Conclusions:In fact,redevelopment of urban land uses in infill development pattern until 2021,not only preserve the green spaces and agricultural areas but also improve and rehabilitate old and worn-out textures.展开更多
文摘Chicago Millennium Park is a place where "post-modern architecture" concentrates, Cloud Gate, Crown Fountain and Jay Pritzker Music Pavilion are three representative post-modern architectures in the park. Millennium Park is an urban public space of Chicago City, its design concepts such as resource sharing and adaptation to local conditions are worth learning.
文摘Introduction:Public urban parks are accessible to everyone in a city.The time people need to reach a public park influences the accessibility of the park.Parks far away from home are less accessible because of time to spend to reach them than those in the neighborhood.Good green urban infrastructure aims to provide different types of parks(by size and structure)to all urban dwellers.The network of parks should allow all inhabitants to have access to parks within close proximity to their residences.Methods:This paper aims to investigate the accessibility of parks as related to the social status of the inhabitants.This was investigated using the example of a clearly socially stratified city(Tabriz,Iran),in which a part of the urban society(by total number and social status)has better or worse access to urban parks.The example of urban parks shows which services are supplied on site and who the potential users are within an accessible distance.The services are qualified by structural park indicators and quantified by the quantity of these indicators.The distances are calculated on the basis of the size of the parks.Different distance circles around the parks indicate from where most of the users are coming,depending on park category.A quantification of population as related to potential users by social status in different distances to the parks shows the accessibility of parks for different quantities of inhabitants and different social strata.The classification of social status(high,middle,and low)was carried out by General Census of statistical center in 2005,informal settlement project data,statistical blocks data,land price in Tabriz municipality,and master and detailed plan reports.Results:Many households do not enjoy government recommended levels of access to public green spaces in Tabriz,and the results highlight the social segregation in park distribution and their accessibility.Conclusions:The best parks are located in the high social status areas,and the accessibility is the best among all societal levels.
文摘Introduction:Due to the health effects caused by airborne pollutants in urban areas,forecasting of air quality parameters is one of the most important topics of air quality research.During recent years,statistical models based on artificial neural networks(ANNs)have been increasingly applied and evaluated for forecasting of air quality.Methods:The development of ANN and multiple linear regressions(MLRs)has been applied to short-term prediction of the NO_(2) and NO_(x) concentrations as a function of meteorological conditions.The optimum structure of ANN was determined by a trial and error method.We used hourly NO_(x) and NO_(2) concentrations and metrological parameters,automatic monitoring network during October and November 2012 for two monitoring sites(Abrasan and Farmandari sites)in Tabriz,Iran.Results:Designing of the network architecture is based on the approximation theory of Kolmogorov,and the structure of ANN with 30 neurons had the best performance.ANN trained by scaled-conjugate-gradient(trainscg)training algorithm has implemented to model.It also demonstrates that MLP neural networks offer several advantages over linear MLR models.The results show that the correlation coefficient(R2)values are 0.92 and 0/94 for NO_(2) and NO_(x) concentrations,respectively.But in MLR model,R2 values were 0.41 and 0.44 for NO_(2) and NO_(x) concentrations,respectively.Conclusions:This work shows that MLP neural networks can accurately model the relationship between local meteorological data and NO_(2) and NO_(x) concentrations in an urban environment compared to linear models.
文摘Introduction:In recent years,models of land-use change and urban growth have become important tools for city planners,economists,ecologists,and resource managers.In most models,future land-use changes are forecasted based on past development pattern and expansion to periphery.While today,metropolitan areas employ smart-growth strategies.The main objectives in this study are according to the smart-growth infill.In this approach,transmission of incompatible land uses to the outside of the city boundary,redevelopment,improvement,and renovation of urban old district and worn-out texture and reuse of abandoned land to new urban development are considered.In fact,the objective is the using of the infill development pattern to modeling approach for simulating urban future development using potentials inside the city.Methods:This paper presents a Land Transformation Model of urban land-use change based on an artificial neural network and a geographical information system.For developing this approach,future development of Tabriz city based on past development trend and infill development pattern is modeled.Results:The modeling result based on past development pattern shows that the 31.26% of green spaces and 60.93% of agricultural land and wasteland will be destroyed and the built area will increase 89.75% from 2005 to 2021.Development of infill development pattern model can regularize urban expansion in the coming decades.The result of infill development pattern,show that the built area will increase 40.32 percent and agricultural land and wasteland area decrease 32.67 percent until 2021.Conclusions:In fact,redevelopment of urban land uses in infill development pattern until 2021,not only preserve the green spaces and agricultural areas but also improve and rehabilitate old and worn-out textures.
