Early life stress-induced neuroinflammation and neurological disorders: a novel perspective for research

Childhood maltreatment(CM)has been consistently linked with numerous detrimental outcomes concerning physical and psychological health.However,few studies have explored vulnerability to neurological disorders after CM.Early life adversity,in the form of poverty,stress and abuse,has been associated with decline in cognitive function and dementia later in life(Short and Baram,2019).Robust preclinical data suggest that early life stress(ELS)may increase the risk and worsen the course of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s(AD)and Parkinson’s(PD)diseases,and traumatic brain injury(TBI)(Lesuis et al.,2018;Short and Baram,2019;He et al.,2020;Catale et al.,2021;Sanchez et al.,2021).

Nilotinib:from animal-based studies to clinical investigation in Alzheimer's disease patients

Since their first description in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer ’s disease(AD), more than 100 years ago, extracellular amyloid-β(Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles have been the principal focus of AD research. However, this focus has led to the failure of several long and promising clinical trials, and the efficacy of new Aβ-targeting drugs to slow down the disease progression is still controversial despite being successful in reducing the Aβ load.

Is it worth already in the first step exceeding the 3-g protein limit for the oral food challenge for food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome?

To the editor:Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome(FPIES)is a non-immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy that is characterized by repetitive vomiting within 1-4 h of eating the trigger food and may be associated with lethargy,pallor,and diarrhea.The diagnosis is in most cases anamnestic.1 In a few cases,it is necessary to perform the oral food challenge(OFC).

Adherence to dietary prescriptions in patients with acute food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome

Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome(FPIES)is a non-Immunoglobulin(non-IgE)-mediated food allergy.The elimination diet is the only therapy,the culprit food will be reintroduced if tolerance is acquired.However,it is possible that patients do not follow the recommendations given by the healthcare professional.We investigated if our advice to avoid the trigger food in patients with active FPIES and to reintroduce it in the diet in patients who achieved tolerance had been implemented.We interviewed by telephone the parents of children who were diagnosed with acute FPIES.About 23.2%of our patients disregarded our dietary recommendations:6/42(14.3%)of patients who passed a tolerance oral food challenge(OFC)did not eat the trigger food,4/22(18.2%)of patients who failed OFC ate the trigger food,and 9/18(50.0%)of patients who did not perform a tolerance OFC ate the trigger food.We have analyzed some possible influencing factors and no difference was found to be statistically significant.Our results are in line with those reported for IgE-mediated food allergies.As has already been proposed by others,we suggest reassessing food consumption in all patients after a food challenge.