Microphallus early management in infancy saves adulthood sensual life:A comprehensive review

Microphallus/Micropenis is a rare condition with significant physical and psychological implications for affected individuals.This article comprehensively reviews micropenis,its etiology,epidemiology,and various treatment options.We conducted a thorough literature review to collect relevant information on micropenis and microphallus,as well as related disorders.Our primary databases were PubMed,Medline,and Google Scholar.We searched for articles published in English between 2000 and 2023.Our analysis included 67 review articles,56 research studies,11 case reports,one guideline,and one editorial.Our search terms included"microphallus","micropenis","congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism","androgen insensitivity syndrome","pediatric management of micropenis","testosterone therapy",and"psychosocial implications of micropenis".We focused on diagnosing micropenis and related conditions,including hormonal assessments,medical and surgical treatment options,psychosocial and psychological well-being,sexual development of adolescents,and sociocultural influences on men's perceptions of penile size.Additionally,we explored parenting and family dynamics in cases of micropenis and disorders of sex development,implications of hormonal treatment in neonates,and studies related to penile augmentation procedures and their effectiveness.The article highlights the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in addressing the physical and psychological well-being of individuals with micropenis.Surgical procedures,such as penile lengthening and girth enhancement,and non-surgical approaches like hormonal therapy are explored.The significance of psychological support,education,and lifestyle modifications is emphasized.Early management and comprehensive care are crucial for individuals with micropenis,from infancy to adolescence and beyond.A multidisciplinary approach involving urologists,endocrinologists,and mental health professionals is recommended.Regular assessment of treatment effectiveness and the need for updated guidelines are essential to provide the best possible care.Healthcare professionals should prioritize early diagnosis,and neonatologists should measure stretched penile length in neonates.A collaborative effort is needed among professionals,parents,and affected individuals to create a supportive environment that recognizes worth beyond physical differences.Continuous research and evidencebased updates are crucial for improving care standards.

Effects of COVID-19 on children with autism

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic affects all countries and populations worldwide,significantly impacting people with autism with a high risk of morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19.Approximately 25%of children with autism have an asymptomatic or symptomatic immune deficiency or dysfunction.In addition,they frequently have various comorbid conditions that increase the severity of COVID-19.In addition,severe COVID-19 during pregnancy may increase the risk of autism in the offspring.Furthermore,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 could target human nervous system tissues due to its neurotrophic effects.The COVID-19 pandemic intensely impacts many patients and families in the autism community,especially the complex management of autism-associated disorders during the complete lockdown.During the complete lockdown,children with autism had difficulties coping with the change in their routine,lack of access to special education services,limited physical space available,and problems related to food and sleep.Additionally,children with autism or intellectual disabilities are more liable to be abused by others during the pandemic when the standard community supports are no longer functioning to protect them.Early detection and vaccination of children with autism against COVID-19 are highly indicated.They should be prioritized for testing,vaccination,and proper management of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.In this review,we discuss the various effects of COVID-19 on children with autism,the difficulties they face,the increased risk of infection during pregnancy,how to alleviate the impact of COVID-19,and how to correct the inequalities in children with autism.