Underwater sound and video observations were made at noon, sunset, and midnight in sand, gravel, and boulder habitat in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, Gulf of Maine, USA in October 2001 using a remotel...Underwater sound and video observations were made at noon, sunset, and midnight in sand, gravel, and boulder habitat in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, Gulf of Maine, USA in October 2001 using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Seventeen species of fish and squid were observed with clear habitat and time differences. Observations of feeding behavior, disturbance behavior, and both interspecific and intraspecific interactions provided numerous opportunities for potential sound production; however, sounds were recorded only during a single dive. Although high noise levels generated by the ROV and support ship may have masked some sounds, we conclude that fish sound production in the Gulf of Maine during the fall is uncommon. The recorded fish sounds are tentatively attributed to the cusk Brosme brosme. Cusk sounds consisted variously of isolated thumps, widely spaced thump trains, drumrolls, and their combinations. Frequency peaks were observed at 188, 539, and 1195 Hz. Use of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) as a passive acoustic observation platform was problematic due to high ROV self-noise and the ROV's inability to maintain a fixed position on the bottom without thruster power. Some fishes were clearly also disturbed by ROV noise, indicating a potential ROV sampling bias. Based on our observations, we suggest that new instruments incorporating both optic and passive acoustic technologies are needed to provide better tools for in situ behavioral studies ofcusk and other fishes [Current Zoology 56 (1): 90-99 2010].展开更多
This paper will discuss two Net Zero Energy homes in the United States.The aim is to discuss the differences and similarities in the construction type,energy use,active and renewable systems of the two homes.While eac...This paper will discuss two Net Zero Energy homes in the United States.The aim is to discuss the differences and similarities in the construction type,energy use,active and renewable systems of the two homes.While each of the homes is designed to achieve net zero site energy use,the design and systems are very different.Furthermore,the measure that is used to qualify a home as net zero energy does not account for the full scope of work on each home.It is suggested that a new set of metrics be developed to allow for a more robust understanding of net zero energy buildings,one that integrates passive design strategies,occupant health and comfort,and durability.The objective is to facilitate a broader understanding of efficient and sustainable residential design.This understanding is critical to bringing Net Zero Energy Buildings to the public.展开更多
基金funded in part by a grant from the National Oceanic Atmospheric AdministrationA publication of the Grantee pursuant to subgrant NAGL 01-02B+2 种基金National Undersea Research Center for the North Atlantic & Great Lakes, University of Connecticut Award No. NA06RU0140The Woods Hole Sea Grant College ProgramThe Sounds Conservancy,Quebec-Labrador Foundation/Atlantic Center for the Environment provided a stipend for M. Hendry-Brogan
文摘Underwater sound and video observations were made at noon, sunset, and midnight in sand, gravel, and boulder habitat in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, Gulf of Maine, USA in October 2001 using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Seventeen species of fish and squid were observed with clear habitat and time differences. Observations of feeding behavior, disturbance behavior, and both interspecific and intraspecific interactions provided numerous opportunities for potential sound production; however, sounds were recorded only during a single dive. Although high noise levels generated by the ROV and support ship may have masked some sounds, we conclude that fish sound production in the Gulf of Maine during the fall is uncommon. The recorded fish sounds are tentatively attributed to the cusk Brosme brosme. Cusk sounds consisted variously of isolated thumps, widely spaced thump trains, drumrolls, and their combinations. Frequency peaks were observed at 188, 539, and 1195 Hz. Use of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) as a passive acoustic observation platform was problematic due to high ROV self-noise and the ROV's inability to maintain a fixed position on the bottom without thruster power. Some fishes were clearly also disturbed by ROV noise, indicating a potential ROV sampling bias. Based on our observations, we suggest that new instruments incorporating both optic and passive acoustic technologies are needed to provide better tools for in situ behavioral studies ofcusk and other fishes [Current Zoology 56 (1): 90-99 2010].
文摘This paper will discuss two Net Zero Energy homes in the United States.The aim is to discuss the differences and similarities in the construction type,energy use,active and renewable systems of the two homes.While each of the homes is designed to achieve net zero site energy use,the design and systems are very different.Furthermore,the measure that is used to qualify a home as net zero energy does not account for the full scope of work on each home.It is suggested that a new set of metrics be developed to allow for a more robust understanding of net zero energy buildings,one that integrates passive design strategies,occupant health and comfort,and durability.The objective is to facilitate a broader understanding of efficient and sustainable residential design.This understanding is critical to bringing Net Zero Energy Buildings to the public.