The typical mammalian neck consisting of seven cervical vertebrae(C1–C7)was established by the Late Permian in the cynodont forerunners of modern mammals.This structure is precisely adapted to facilitate movements of...The typical mammalian neck consisting of seven cervical vertebrae(C1–C7)was established by the Late Permian in the cynodont forerunners of modern mammals.This structure is precisely adapted to facilitate movements of the head during feeding,locomotion,predator evasion,and social interactions.Eutheria,the clade including crown placentals,has a fossil record extending back more than 125 million years revealing significant morphological diversification in the Mesozoic.Yet very little is known concerning the early evolution of eutherian cervical morphology and its functional adaptations.A specimen of Zalambdalestes lechei from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia boasts exceptional preservation of an almost complete series of cervical vertebrae(C2–C7)revealing a highly modified axis(C2).The significance of this cervical morphology is explored utilizing an integrated approach combining comparative anatomical examination across mammals,muscle reconstruction,geometric morphometrics and virtual range of motion analysis.We compared the shape of the axis in Zalambdalestes to a dataset of 88 mammalian species(monotremes,marsupials,and placentals)using three-dimensional landmark analysis.The results indicate that the unique axis morphology of Zalambdalestes has no close analog among living mammals.Virtual range of motion analysis of the neck strongly implies Zalambdalestes was capable of exerting very forceful head movements and had a high degree of ventral flexion for an animal its size.These findings reveal unexpected complexity in the early evolution of the eutherian cervical morphology and suggest a feeding behavior similar to insectivores specialized in vermivory and defensive behaviors in Zalambdalestes akin to modern spiniferous mammals.展开更多
The phylogenetic relationships of Lasiosphaeriaceae are complicated in that the family is paraphyletic and includes Sordariaceae and Chaetomiaceae,as well as several polyphyletic genera.This study focuses on the phylo...The phylogenetic relationships of Lasiosphaeriaceae are complicated in that the family is paraphyletic and includes Sordariaceae and Chaetomiaceae,as well as several polyphyletic genera.This study focuses on the phylogenetic relationships of the coprophilous genera,Anopodium,Apodospora,Arnium,Fimetariella and Zygospermella.They are traditionally circumscribed based on ascospore characters,which have proven homoplasious in other genera within the family.Our results based on LSU nrDNA andß–tubulin sequences distinguish four lineages of Lasiosphaeriaceae taxa.Anopodium joins the clade of mor-phologically similar,yellow-pigmented species of Cercophora and Lasiosphaeria.Apodospora is monophyletic and joins a larger group of taxa with unclear affinities to each other,while Arnium is polyphyletic being scattered throughout three of the four major clades of Lasiosphaeriaceae.Fimitariella is represented by a single collection and joins the clade containing Cercophora scortea and Podospora appendiculata.Zygospermella shows affinities to the Lasiosphaeris clade.Based on a combination of morphological and molecular data,Echria stat.nov.is recognized at the genus level for the former Arnium section and two new combinations are proposed:E.gigantospora and E.macrotheca.展开更多
The dictyostelid social amoebae(Dictyostelia)occur in terrestrial habitats worldwide.It has been observed previously that their diversity decreases with increasing latitude and altitude.Here we look at dictyostelid di...The dictyostelid social amoebae(Dictyostelia)occur in terrestrial habitats worldwide.It has been observed previously that their diversity decreases with increasing latitude and altitude.Here we look at dictyostelid diversity in the high latitude habitats of Northern Sweden.Dictyostelids were recovered from soil samples using traditional plating methods and then identified using morphological characters and molecular sequence(small subunit ribosomal RNA)data.In total,nine species were recovered,including two new species,described herein as Dictyostelium barbibulus and Polysphondylium fuscans.The species diversity found here is discussed in relation to previous findings in the area as well as other high-latitude studies,and biogeographical patterns are examined.The total number of species found in Northern Sweden is lower than the numbers recorded for regions further south in Europe,a finding consistent with a latitudinal gradient of species diversity.Our findings highlight the benefit of using molecular data for accurate species identification in Dictyostelia and the need for a continued sampling effort to better understand their diversity and distribution,especially in high latitude habitats.展开更多
Plant pathogenic fungi are a large and diverse assemblage of eukaryotes with substantial impacts on natural ecosystems and human endeavours.These taxa often have complex and poorly understood life cycles,lack observab...Plant pathogenic fungi are a large and diverse assemblage of eukaryotes with substantial impacts on natural ecosystems and human endeavours.These taxa often have complex and poorly understood life cycles,lack observable,discriminatory morphological characters,and may not be amenable to in vitro culturing.As a result,species identification is frequently difficult.Molecular(DNA sequence)data have emerged as crucial information for the taxonomic identification of plant pathogenic fungi,with the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer(ITS)region being the most popular marker.However,international nucleotide sequence databases are accumulating numerous sequences of compromised or low-resolution taxonomic annotations and substandard technical quality,making their use in the molecular identification of plant pathogenic fungi problematic.Here we report on a concerted effort to identify high-quality reference sequences for various plant pathogenic fungi and to re-annotate incorrectly or insufficiently annotated public ITS sequences from these fungal lineages.A third objective was to enrich the sequences with geographical and ecological metadata.The results-a total of 31,954 changes-are incorporated in and made available through the UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi(http://unite.ut.ee),including standalone FASTA files of sequence data for local BLAST searches,use in the next-generation sequencing analysis platforms QIIME and mothur,and related applications.The present initiative is just a beginning to cover the wide spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi,and we invite all researchers with pertinent expertise to join the annotation effort.展开更多
The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental studies.Over the past decades,rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved i...The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental studies.Over the past decades,rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved insights of the fungal diversity in all ecosystems and habitats.Yet,in spite of the progress of molecular methods,knowledge about functional properties of the fungal taxa is vague and interpretation of environmental studies in an ecologically meaningful manner remains challenging.In order to facilitate functional assignments and ecological interpretation of environmental studies we introduce a user friendly traits and character database FungalTraits operating at genus and species hypothesis levels.Combining the information from previous efforts such as FUNGuild and FunFun together with involvement of expert knowledge,we reannotated 10,210 and 151 fungal and Stramenopila genera,respectively.This resulted in a stand-alone spreadsheet dataset covering 17 lifestyle related traits of fungal and Stramenopila genera,designed for rapid functional assignments of environmental stud-ies.In order to assign the trait states to fungal species hypotheses,the scientific community of experts manually categorised and assigned available trait information to 697,413 fungal ITS sequences.On the basis of those sequences we were able to summarise trait and host information into 92,623 fungal species hypotheses at 1%dissimilarity threshold.展开更多
Correction to:Fungal Diversity(2020)105:116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00466-2 There were errors in the name of author LászlóG.Nagy and in affiliation no.31 in the original publication.The original a...Correction to:Fungal Diversity(2020)105:116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00466-2 There were errors in the name of author LászlóG.Nagy and in affiliation no.31 in the original publication.The original article has been corrected.展开更多
为了探索包含SH-2功能域的蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(SH-2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase1,SHP-1)在IL-4诱导的IL-4受体(IL-4receptor,IL-4R)表达中的作用,用Na3VO4处理野生型(wildtype,WT)实验小鼠的脾脏细胞以及用IL-4刺激可育Moth...为了探索包含SH-2功能域的蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(SH-2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase1,SHP-1)在IL-4诱导的IL-4受体(IL-4receptor,IL-4R)表达中的作用,用Na3VO4处理野生型(wildtype,WT)实验小鼠的脾脏细胞以及用IL-4刺激可育Motheaten小鼠(viable motheatenmice,mev/mev)的脾脏细胞,并检测IL-4RαmRNA的表达.我们发现IL-4诱导的IL-4RαmRNA表达在经Na3VO4处理后野生型小鼠的脾脏细胞以及用IL-4刺激的mev/mev小鼠的脾脏细胞中降低了.结果表明,IL-4诱导的IL-4RαmRNA表达的降低是由于IL-4R的低水平表达导致的STAT6信号转导缺陷.实验进一步证实,在mev/mev小鼠的脾脏细胞中IL-4Rα蛋白表达的降低是由于细胞组成的改变.在mev/mev小鼠脾脏组织中,表达相对高水平IL-4R的CD4+,CD8+和CD19+的细胞比例显著下降,相反表达低水平IL-4R的Mac-1+和Gr-1+细胞比例明显升高.尽管IL-4R蛋白表达是明显下降的,但在同窝对照小鼠(+/?)和mev/mev小鼠的脾脏细胞中IL-4RαmRNA的表达未发现明显的差异.在B细胞、T细胞和巨噬细胞中也没有显著差异.这提示在巨噬细胞中IL-4R表达细胞类型特异性下调是通过转录后水平的调控来实现的.研究结果提示,在脾脏细胞中SHP-1对于IL-4诱导的IL-4R表达是必需的,并且通过影响血细胞生成而间接地调控相应的功能.展开更多
The current classification system for the recognition of taxonomic ranks among fungi,especially at highranking level,is subjective.With the development of molecular approaches and the availability of fossil calibratio...The current classification system for the recognition of taxonomic ranks among fungi,especially at highranking level,is subjective.With the development of molecular approaches and the availability of fossil calibration data,the use of divergence times as a universally standardized criterion for ranking taxa has now become possible.We can therefore date the origin of Ascomycota lineages by using molecular clock methods and establish the divergence times for the orders and families of Dothideomycetes.We chose Dothideomycetes,the largest class of the phylum Ascomycota,which contains 32 orders,to establish ages at which points orders have split;and Pleosporales,the largest order of Dothideomycetes with 55 families,to establish family divergence times.We have assembled a multi-gene data set(LSU,SSU,TEF1 and RPB2)from 391 taxa representing most family groups of Dothideomycetes and utilized fossil calibration points solely from within the ascomycetes and a Bayesian approach to establish divergence times of Dothideomycetes lineages.Two separated datasets were analysed:(i)272 taxa representing 32 orders of Dothideomycetes were included for the order level analysis,and(ii)191 taxa representing 55 families of Pleosporales were included for the family level analysis.Our results indicate that divergence times(crown age)for most orders(20 out of 32,or 63%)are between 100 and 220 Mya,while divergence times for most families(39 out of 55,or 71%)are between 20 and 100 Mya.We believe that divergence times can provide additional evidence to support establishment of higher level taxa,such as families,orders and classes.Taking advantage of this added approach,we can strive towards establishing a standardized taxonomic system both within and outside Fungi.In this study we found that molecular dating coupled with phylogenetic inferences provides no support for the taxonomic status of two currently recognized orders,namely Bezerromycetales and Wiesneriomycetales and these are treated as synonyms of Tubeufiales while Asterotexiales is treated as a synonym of Asterinales.In addition,we provide an updated phylogenetic assessment of Dothideomycetes previously published as the Families of Dothideomycetes in 2013 with a further ten orders and 35 families.展开更多
The evolution of tetrapods(land vertebrates)from lobe-finned fishes,nearly 400 million years ago,was a hugely important event.For one thing,if these ancient fishes had not found a way to adapt to life out of the water...The evolution of tetrapods(land vertebrates)from lobe-finned fishes,nearly 400 million years ago,was a hugely important event.For one thing,if these ancient fishes had not found a way to adapt to life out of the water,we humans would not exist.To investigate this event we can look at the fossil record,but that only tells us about changes in the skeleton.展开更多
This paper is the seventh in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,where 131 taxa accommodated in 28 families are mainly described from Rosa(Rosaceae)and a few other hosts.Novel fungal taxa are described in the present st...This paper is the seventh in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,where 131 taxa accommodated in 28 families are mainly described from Rosa(Rosaceae)and a few other hosts.Novel fungal taxa are described in the present study,including 17 new genera,93 new species,four combinations,a sexual record for a species and new host records for 16 species.Bhatiellae,Cycasicola,Dactylidina,Embarria,Hawksworthiana,Italica,Melanocucurbitaria,Melanodiplodia,Monoseptella,Uzbekistanica,Neoconiothyrium,Neopaucispora,Pararoussoella,Paraxylaria,Marjia,Sporormurispora and Xenomassariosphaeria are introduced as new ascomycete genera.We also introduce the new species Absidia jindoensis,Alternaria doliconidium,A.hampshirensis,Angustimassarina rosarum,Astragalicola vasilyevae,Backusella locustae,Bartalinia rosicola,Bhatiellae rosae,Broomella rosae,Castanediella camelliae,Coelodictyosporium rosarum,Comoclathris rosae,C.rosarum,Comoclathris rosigena,Coniochaeta baysunika,C.rosae,Cycasicola goaensis,Dactylidina shoemakeri,Dematiopleospora donetzica,D.rosicola,D.salsolae,Diaporthe rosae,D.rosicola,Endoconidioma rosaehissaricae,Epicoccum rosae,Hawksworthiana clematidicola,H.lonicerae,Italica achilleae,Keissleriella phragmiticola,K.rosacearum,K.rosae,K.rosarum,Lophiostoma rosae,Marjia tianschanica,M.uzbekistanica,Melanocucurbitaria uzbekistanica,Melanodiplodia tianschanica,Monoseptella rosae,Mucor fluvius,Muriformistrickeria rosae,Murilentithecium rosae,Neoascochyta rosicola,Neoconiothyrium rosae,Neopaucispora rosaecae,Neosetophoma rosarum,N.rosae,N.rosigena,Neostagonospora artemisiae,Ophiobolus artemisiicola,Paraconiothyrium rosae,Paraphaeosphaeria rosae,P.rosicola,Pararoussoella rosarum,Parathyridaria rosae,Paraxylaria rosacearum,Penicillium acidum,P.aquaticum,Phragmocamarosporium rosae,Pleospora rosae,P.rosae-caninae,Poaceicola agrostina,P.arundinicola,P.rosae,Populocrescentia ammophilae,P.rosae,Pseudocamarosporium pteleae,P.ulmi-minoris,Pseudocercospora rosae,Pseudopithomyces rosae,Pseudostrickeria rosae,Sclerostagonospora lathyri,S.rosae,S.rosicola,Seimatosporium rosigenum,S.rosicola,Seiridium rosarum,Setoseptoria arundelensis,S.englandensis,S.lulworthcovensis,Sigarispora agrostidis,S.caryophyllacearum,S.junci,S.medicaginicola,S.rosicola,S.scrophulariae,S.thymi,Sporormurispora atraphaxidis,S.pruni,Suttonomyces rosae,Umbelopsis sinsidoensis,Uzbekistanica rosaehissaricae,U.yakutkhanika,Wojnowicia rosicola,Xenomassariosphaeria rosae.New host records are provided for Amandinea punctata,Angustimassarina quercicola,Diaporthe rhusicola,D.eres,D.foeniculina,D.rudis,Diplodia seriata,Dothiorella iberica,Lasiodiplodia theobromae,Lecidella elaeochroma,Muriformistrickeria rubi,Neofusicoccum australe,Paraphaeosphaeria michotii,Pleurophoma pleurospora,Sigarispora caulium and Teichospora rubriostiolata.The new combinations are Dactylidina dactylidis(=Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis),Embarria clematidis(=Allophaeosphaeria clematidis),Hawksworthiana alliariae(=Dematiopleospora alliariae)and Italica luzulae(=Dematiopleospora luzulae).This study also provides some insights into the diversity of fungi on Rosa species and especially those on Rosa spines that resulted in the characterisation of eight new genera,45 new species,and nine new host records.We also collected taxa from Rosa stems and there was 31%(20/65)overlap with taxa found on stems with that on spines.Because of the limited and non-targeted sampling for comparison with collections from spines and stems of the same host and location,it is not possible to say that the fungi on spines of Rosa differ from those on stems.The study however,does illustrate how spines are interesting substrates with high fungal biodiversity.This may be because of their hard structure resulting in slow decay and hence are suitable substrates leading to fungal colonisation.All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens,coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.展开更多
To investigate the role of SH-2-containing pro- tein tyrosine phosphatase 1, SHP-1, in IL-4-induced IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) expression, we examined IL-4 receptor α-chain (IL-4Rα) mRNA expression in Na3VO4-treated wild...To investigate the role of SH-2-containing pro- tein tyrosine phosphatase 1, SHP-1, in IL-4-induced IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) expression, we examined IL-4 receptor α-chain (IL-4Rα) mRNA expression in Na3VO4-treated wild type (WT) spleen cells and measured IL-4R mRNA in IL-4-stimulated spleen cells of viable motheaten mice (mev/mev). It is found that IL-4-induced IL-4R mRNA ex- pression was impaired in Na3VO4-treated WT spleen cells and IL-4-stimulated mev/mev spleen cells. Here we show that the impaired IL-4-induced IL-4Rα mRNA expression was due to reduced expression of IL-4R that led to impaired STAT6 signaling. We further demonstrate that reduction of IL-4Rα protein expression in mev/mev spleen cells was due to alteration in cell compositions. In mev/mev spleen, the per- centages of CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells expressing rela- tively high levels of IL-4R were reduced dramatically while the percentages of Mac-1+ and Gr-1+ cells with relative low levels of IL-4R increased greatly. Despite the profound effect of reduced expression of IL-4R protein, the IL-4Rα mRNA expression was comparable in spleen cells of littermate con- trol mice (+/?) and mev/mev mice and no differences were found in B cells, T cells, and macrophages, suggesting cell type-specific downregulation of IL-4R expression in macro- phages through a posttranscriptional mechanism. Our study suggests that SHP-1 is required for IL-4-meidated function and indirectly regulates IL-4-meidated function in spleen cells by affecting hematopoiesis.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Centre(NCN,Kraków,Poland)(2015/18/E/NZ8/00637)the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange(NAWA,Warszawa,Poland)(BPN/BEK/2021/1/00357/U/00001)to LFF。
文摘The typical mammalian neck consisting of seven cervical vertebrae(C1–C7)was established by the Late Permian in the cynodont forerunners of modern mammals.This structure is precisely adapted to facilitate movements of the head during feeding,locomotion,predator evasion,and social interactions.Eutheria,the clade including crown placentals,has a fossil record extending back more than 125 million years revealing significant morphological diversification in the Mesozoic.Yet very little is known concerning the early evolution of eutherian cervical morphology and its functional adaptations.A specimen of Zalambdalestes lechei from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia boasts exceptional preservation of an almost complete series of cervical vertebrae(C2–C7)revealing a highly modified axis(C2).The significance of this cervical morphology is explored utilizing an integrated approach combining comparative anatomical examination across mammals,muscle reconstruction,geometric morphometrics and virtual range of motion analysis.We compared the shape of the axis in Zalambdalestes to a dataset of 88 mammalian species(monotremes,marsupials,and placentals)using three-dimensional landmark analysis.The results indicate that the unique axis morphology of Zalambdalestes has no close analog among living mammals.Virtual range of motion analysis of the neck strongly implies Zalambdalestes was capable of exerting very forceful head movements and had a high degree of ventral flexion for an animal its size.These findings reveal unexpected complexity in the early evolution of the eutherian cervical morphology and suggest a feeding behavior similar to insectivores specialized in vermivory and defensive behaviors in Zalambdalestes akin to modern spiniferous mammals.
基金financed by the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative(dha 34/071.4)and the Helge Ax:son Johnson foundationsupported in part by a NSF PEET Grant(DEB–9,521,926)to SMH and some sequences were generated in the Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution at The Field Museum of Natural History.
文摘The phylogenetic relationships of Lasiosphaeriaceae are complicated in that the family is paraphyletic and includes Sordariaceae and Chaetomiaceae,as well as several polyphyletic genera.This study focuses on the phylogenetic relationships of the coprophilous genera,Anopodium,Apodospora,Arnium,Fimetariella and Zygospermella.They are traditionally circumscribed based on ascospore characters,which have proven homoplasious in other genera within the family.Our results based on LSU nrDNA andß–tubulin sequences distinguish four lineages of Lasiosphaeriaceae taxa.Anopodium joins the clade of mor-phologically similar,yellow-pigmented species of Cercophora and Lasiosphaeria.Apodospora is monophyletic and joins a larger group of taxa with unclear affinities to each other,while Arnium is polyphyletic being scattered throughout three of the four major clades of Lasiosphaeriaceae.Fimitariella is represented by a single collection and joins the clade containing Cercophora scortea and Podospora appendiculata.Zygospermella shows affinities to the Lasiosphaeris clade.Based on a combination of morphological and molecular data,Echria stat.nov.is recognized at the genus level for the former Arnium section and two new combinations are proposed:E.gigantospora and E.macrotheca.
基金supported by a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme(PIEF-GA-2009-236501).
文摘The dictyostelid social amoebae(Dictyostelia)occur in terrestrial habitats worldwide.It has been observed previously that their diversity decreases with increasing latitude and altitude.Here we look at dictyostelid diversity in the high latitude habitats of Northern Sweden.Dictyostelids were recovered from soil samples using traditional plating methods and then identified using morphological characters and molecular sequence(small subunit ribosomal RNA)data.In total,nine species were recovered,including two new species,described herein as Dictyostelium barbibulus and Polysphondylium fuscans.The species diversity found here is discussed in relation to previous findings in the area as well as other high-latitude studies,and biogeographical patterns are examined.The total number of species found in Northern Sweden is lower than the numbers recorded for regions further south in Europe,a finding consistent with a latitudinal gradient of species diversity.Our findings highlight the benefit of using molecular data for accurate species identification in Dictyostelia and the need for a continued sampling effort to better understand their diversity and distribution,especially in high latitude habitats.
基金financial support from European Funds through COMPETENational Funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology(FCT)within projects PTDC/AGR-FOR/3807/2012-FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027979 and PEst-C/MAR/LA0017/2013+4 种基金supported by National Science Foundation Grant DBI 1046115supported by FFG,BMWFJ,BMVIT,ZIT,Zukunftsstiftung Tirol,and Land Steiermark within the Austrian COMET program FFG Grant 824186Financial support to JP was partially provided by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education(MNiSW),grant no.NN303_548839financial support from FAPEMIG and CNPqfunded by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute through the Biomonitoring 2.0 project(OGI-050).
文摘Plant pathogenic fungi are a large and diverse assemblage of eukaryotes with substantial impacts on natural ecosystems and human endeavours.These taxa often have complex and poorly understood life cycles,lack observable,discriminatory morphological characters,and may not be amenable to in vitro culturing.As a result,species identification is frequently difficult.Molecular(DNA sequence)data have emerged as crucial information for the taxonomic identification of plant pathogenic fungi,with the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer(ITS)region being the most popular marker.However,international nucleotide sequence databases are accumulating numerous sequences of compromised or low-resolution taxonomic annotations and substandard technical quality,making their use in the molecular identification of plant pathogenic fungi problematic.Here we report on a concerted effort to identify high-quality reference sequences for various plant pathogenic fungi and to re-annotate incorrectly or insufficiently annotated public ITS sequences from these fungal lineages.A third objective was to enrich the sequences with geographical and ecological metadata.The results-a total of 31,954 changes-are incorporated in and made available through the UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi(http://unite.ut.ee),including standalone FASTA files of sequence data for local BLAST searches,use in the next-generation sequencing analysis platforms QIIME and mothur,and related applications.The present initiative is just a beginning to cover the wide spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi,and we invite all researchers with pertinent expertise to join the annotation effort.
基金Estonian Science Foundation grants PSG136,PRG632,PUT1170the University of Tartu(PLTOM20903)the European Regional Development Fund(Centre of Excellence EcolChange).
文摘The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental studies.Over the past decades,rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved insights of the fungal diversity in all ecosystems and habitats.Yet,in spite of the progress of molecular methods,knowledge about functional properties of the fungal taxa is vague and interpretation of environmental studies in an ecologically meaningful manner remains challenging.In order to facilitate functional assignments and ecological interpretation of environmental studies we introduce a user friendly traits and character database FungalTraits operating at genus and species hypothesis levels.Combining the information from previous efforts such as FUNGuild and FunFun together with involvement of expert knowledge,we reannotated 10,210 and 151 fungal and Stramenopila genera,respectively.This resulted in a stand-alone spreadsheet dataset covering 17 lifestyle related traits of fungal and Stramenopila genera,designed for rapid functional assignments of environmental stud-ies.In order to assign the trait states to fungal species hypotheses,the scientific community of experts manually categorised and assigned available trait information to 697,413 fungal ITS sequences.On the basis of those sequences we were able to summarise trait and host information into 92,623 fungal species hypotheses at 1%dissimilarity threshold.
文摘Correction to:Fungal Diversity(2020)105:116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00466-2 There were errors in the name of author LászlóG.Nagy and in affiliation no.31 in the original publication.The original article has been corrected.
文摘为了探索包含SH-2功能域的蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(SH-2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase1,SHP-1)在IL-4诱导的IL-4受体(IL-4receptor,IL-4R)表达中的作用,用Na3VO4处理野生型(wildtype,WT)实验小鼠的脾脏细胞以及用IL-4刺激可育Motheaten小鼠(viable motheatenmice,mev/mev)的脾脏细胞,并检测IL-4RαmRNA的表达.我们发现IL-4诱导的IL-4RαmRNA表达在经Na3VO4处理后野生型小鼠的脾脏细胞以及用IL-4刺激的mev/mev小鼠的脾脏细胞中降低了.结果表明,IL-4诱导的IL-4RαmRNA表达的降低是由于IL-4R的低水平表达导致的STAT6信号转导缺陷.实验进一步证实,在mev/mev小鼠的脾脏细胞中IL-4Rα蛋白表达的降低是由于细胞组成的改变.在mev/mev小鼠脾脏组织中,表达相对高水平IL-4R的CD4+,CD8+和CD19+的细胞比例显著下降,相反表达低水平IL-4R的Mac-1+和Gr-1+细胞比例明显升高.尽管IL-4R蛋白表达是明显下降的,但在同窝对照小鼠(+/?)和mev/mev小鼠的脾脏细胞中IL-4RαmRNA的表达未发现明显的差异.在B细胞、T细胞和巨噬细胞中也没有显著差异.这提示在巨噬细胞中IL-4R表达细胞类型特异性下调是通过转录后水平的调控来实现的.研究结果提示,在脾脏细胞中SHP-1对于IL-4诱导的IL-4R表达是必需的,并且通过影响血细胞生成而间接地调控相应的功能.
基金This work was funded by grants of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 31210103919,31600032,31360015)Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province(LH[2015]7061)+6 种基金the Research of Featured Microbial Resources and Diversity Investigation in Southwest Karst area(Project No.2014FY120100.)Jian-Kui Liu thanks Dr.Bang Feng(Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Kunming,China)his valuable help with phylogenetic analysis.Dr.Rui-Lin Zhao and Dr.H.A.Ariyawansa are thanked for their valuable suggestions.Dr.Hong Luo is thanked for commenting the manuscript.K.D.Hyde thanks the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Project Number 2013T2S0030the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany.K.D.Hyde also extends his appreciation to the Thailand Research Fund(TRF)Grant(RSA5980068)National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)for Grants(60201000201592010200112)Alan JL Phillips acknowledges the support from Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute(BioISI,FCT/UID/Multi/04046/2013).
文摘The current classification system for the recognition of taxonomic ranks among fungi,especially at highranking level,is subjective.With the development of molecular approaches and the availability of fossil calibration data,the use of divergence times as a universally standardized criterion for ranking taxa has now become possible.We can therefore date the origin of Ascomycota lineages by using molecular clock methods and establish the divergence times for the orders and families of Dothideomycetes.We chose Dothideomycetes,the largest class of the phylum Ascomycota,which contains 32 orders,to establish ages at which points orders have split;and Pleosporales,the largest order of Dothideomycetes with 55 families,to establish family divergence times.We have assembled a multi-gene data set(LSU,SSU,TEF1 and RPB2)from 391 taxa representing most family groups of Dothideomycetes and utilized fossil calibration points solely from within the ascomycetes and a Bayesian approach to establish divergence times of Dothideomycetes lineages.Two separated datasets were analysed:(i)272 taxa representing 32 orders of Dothideomycetes were included for the order level analysis,and(ii)191 taxa representing 55 families of Pleosporales were included for the family level analysis.Our results indicate that divergence times(crown age)for most orders(20 out of 32,or 63%)are between 100 and 220 Mya,while divergence times for most families(39 out of 55,or 71%)are between 20 and 100 Mya.We believe that divergence times can provide additional evidence to support establishment of higher level taxa,such as families,orders and classes.Taking advantage of this added approach,we can strive towards establishing a standardized taxonomic system both within and outside Fungi.In this study we found that molecular dating coupled with phylogenetic inferences provides no support for the taxonomic status of two currently recognized orders,namely Bezerromycetales and Wiesneriomycetales and these are treated as synonyms of Tubeufiales while Asterotexiales is treated as a synonym of Asterinales.In addition,we provide an updated phylogenetic assessment of Dothideomycetes previously published as the Families of Dothideomycetes in 2013 with a further ten orders and 35 families.
文摘The evolution of tetrapods(land vertebrates)from lobe-finned fishes,nearly 400 million years ago,was a hugely important event.For one thing,if these ancient fishes had not found a way to adapt to life out of the water,we humans would not exist.To investigate this event we can look at the fossil record,but that only tells us about changes in the skeleton.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to the International Scientific Partnership Program ISPP at King Saud University for funding this research work through ISPP#0089.We thank the technical staff of Center of Excellence in Fungal Research,Sornram Sukpisit and Wilawan Punyaboon for their invaluable assistance.Dhanushka Wanasinghe would like to thank the Molecular Biology Experimental Center at Kunming Institute of Botany for facilities for molecular work.We are also grateful to Anuruddha Karunarathna,Binu Samarakoon and Digvijayini Bundhun for their valuable assistance.Dhanushka Wanasinghe is also thankful to Hiran Ariyawansa for his valuable suggestions.Hyang Burm Lee was supported by the Graduate Program for the Undiscovered Taxa of Korea,and the Project on Survey and Discovery of Indigenous Fungal Species of Korea funded by NIBR,and the Project on Discovery of Fungi from Freshwater and Collection of Fungarium funded by NNIBR of the Ministry of Environment(MOE),and the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development(PJ012957)Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea.Chayanard Phukhamsakda would like to thank Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program under Thailand Research Fund,for the award of a scholarship no.PHD/0020/2557+6 种基金Ausana Mapook is grateful to Research and Researchers for Industries(RRI)PHD57I0012R.Jeewon is grateful to University of Mauritius&Mae Fah Luang University for enabling research collaboration.K.D.Hyde thanks to National Research Council of Thailand(Mae Fah Luang University)for grants‘‘Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes of Pandanaceae’’(Grant No:592010200112)and Thailand Research Fund(TRF)Grant No RSA5980068 entitled‘‘Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans’’.National Research Council of Thailand(Mae Fah Luang University)grant no 60201000201 entitled‘‘Diseases of mangrove trees and maintenance of good forestry practice’’.K.D.Hyde is an Adjunct Professor at Chiang Mai University.Samantha C.Karunarathna thanks Yunnan Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security funded postdoctoral project(number 179122)and National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)project code 31750110478Kevin D.Hyde also thanks to the Chinese Academy of Sciences,project number 2013T2S0030for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany.Y.S.Gafforov acknowledges the support from Committee for coordination science and technology development under the Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan(Project No.P3-2014-0830174425)Timur Bulgakov appreciates the Alexander Fateryga and T.I.Vyazemsky Karadag Scientific Station(Karadag State Reserve)for the help in expeditions in Crimean Peninsula.Jianchu Xu thanks Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDYSSW-SMC014),Key Research Program of the Ministry of Sciences and Technology(Grant No.2017YFC0505101)CGIAR Research Program 6:Forest,Trees and Agroforestry,the Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Science(CAS)and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology,under the 12th 5-year National Key Technology Support Program(NKTSP)2013BAB07B06 integration and comprehensive demonstration of key technologies on Green Phosphate-mountain construction.Peter E.Mortimer thanks the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Project Codes 41761144055 and 41771063S.Tibell would like to acknowledge support from the grant‘dha 2016-264.3’from‘The Swedish Taxonomy Initiative’.
文摘This paper is the seventh in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,where 131 taxa accommodated in 28 families are mainly described from Rosa(Rosaceae)and a few other hosts.Novel fungal taxa are described in the present study,including 17 new genera,93 new species,four combinations,a sexual record for a species and new host records for 16 species.Bhatiellae,Cycasicola,Dactylidina,Embarria,Hawksworthiana,Italica,Melanocucurbitaria,Melanodiplodia,Monoseptella,Uzbekistanica,Neoconiothyrium,Neopaucispora,Pararoussoella,Paraxylaria,Marjia,Sporormurispora and Xenomassariosphaeria are introduced as new ascomycete genera.We also introduce the new species Absidia jindoensis,Alternaria doliconidium,A.hampshirensis,Angustimassarina rosarum,Astragalicola vasilyevae,Backusella locustae,Bartalinia rosicola,Bhatiellae rosae,Broomella rosae,Castanediella camelliae,Coelodictyosporium rosarum,Comoclathris rosae,C.rosarum,Comoclathris rosigena,Coniochaeta baysunika,C.rosae,Cycasicola goaensis,Dactylidina shoemakeri,Dematiopleospora donetzica,D.rosicola,D.salsolae,Diaporthe rosae,D.rosicola,Endoconidioma rosaehissaricae,Epicoccum rosae,Hawksworthiana clematidicola,H.lonicerae,Italica achilleae,Keissleriella phragmiticola,K.rosacearum,K.rosae,K.rosarum,Lophiostoma rosae,Marjia tianschanica,M.uzbekistanica,Melanocucurbitaria uzbekistanica,Melanodiplodia tianschanica,Monoseptella rosae,Mucor fluvius,Muriformistrickeria rosae,Murilentithecium rosae,Neoascochyta rosicola,Neoconiothyrium rosae,Neopaucispora rosaecae,Neosetophoma rosarum,N.rosae,N.rosigena,Neostagonospora artemisiae,Ophiobolus artemisiicola,Paraconiothyrium rosae,Paraphaeosphaeria rosae,P.rosicola,Pararoussoella rosarum,Parathyridaria rosae,Paraxylaria rosacearum,Penicillium acidum,P.aquaticum,Phragmocamarosporium rosae,Pleospora rosae,P.rosae-caninae,Poaceicola agrostina,P.arundinicola,P.rosae,Populocrescentia ammophilae,P.rosae,Pseudocamarosporium pteleae,P.ulmi-minoris,Pseudocercospora rosae,Pseudopithomyces rosae,Pseudostrickeria rosae,Sclerostagonospora lathyri,S.rosae,S.rosicola,Seimatosporium rosigenum,S.rosicola,Seiridium rosarum,Setoseptoria arundelensis,S.englandensis,S.lulworthcovensis,Sigarispora agrostidis,S.caryophyllacearum,S.junci,S.medicaginicola,S.rosicola,S.scrophulariae,S.thymi,Sporormurispora atraphaxidis,S.pruni,Suttonomyces rosae,Umbelopsis sinsidoensis,Uzbekistanica rosaehissaricae,U.yakutkhanika,Wojnowicia rosicola,Xenomassariosphaeria rosae.New host records are provided for Amandinea punctata,Angustimassarina quercicola,Diaporthe rhusicola,D.eres,D.foeniculina,D.rudis,Diplodia seriata,Dothiorella iberica,Lasiodiplodia theobromae,Lecidella elaeochroma,Muriformistrickeria rubi,Neofusicoccum australe,Paraphaeosphaeria michotii,Pleurophoma pleurospora,Sigarispora caulium and Teichospora rubriostiolata.The new combinations are Dactylidina dactylidis(=Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis),Embarria clematidis(=Allophaeosphaeria clematidis),Hawksworthiana alliariae(=Dematiopleospora alliariae)and Italica luzulae(=Dematiopleospora luzulae).This study also provides some insights into the diversity of fungi on Rosa species and especially those on Rosa spines that resulted in the characterisation of eight new genera,45 new species,and nine new host records.We also collected taxa from Rosa stems and there was 31%(20/65)overlap with taxa found on stems with that on spines.Because of the limited and non-targeted sampling for comparison with collections from spines and stems of the same host and location,it is not possible to say that the fungi on spines of Rosa differ from those on stems.The study however,does illustrate how spines are interesting substrates with high fungal biodiversity.This may be because of their hard structure resulting in slow decay and hence are suitable substrates leading to fungal colonisation.All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens,coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
文摘To investigate the role of SH-2-containing pro- tein tyrosine phosphatase 1, SHP-1, in IL-4-induced IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) expression, we examined IL-4 receptor α-chain (IL-4Rα) mRNA expression in Na3VO4-treated wild type (WT) spleen cells and measured IL-4R mRNA in IL-4-stimulated spleen cells of viable motheaten mice (mev/mev). It is found that IL-4-induced IL-4R mRNA ex- pression was impaired in Na3VO4-treated WT spleen cells and IL-4-stimulated mev/mev spleen cells. Here we show that the impaired IL-4-induced IL-4Rα mRNA expression was due to reduced expression of IL-4R that led to impaired STAT6 signaling. We further demonstrate that reduction of IL-4Rα protein expression in mev/mev spleen cells was due to alteration in cell compositions. In mev/mev spleen, the per- centages of CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells expressing rela- tively high levels of IL-4R were reduced dramatically while the percentages of Mac-1+ and Gr-1+ cells with relative low levels of IL-4R increased greatly. Despite the profound effect of reduced expression of IL-4R protein, the IL-4Rα mRNA expression was comparable in spleen cells of littermate con- trol mice (+/?) and mev/mev mice and no differences were found in B cells, T cells, and macrophages, suggesting cell type-specific downregulation of IL-4R expression in macro- phages through a posttranscriptional mechanism. Our study suggests that SHP-1 is required for IL-4-meidated function and indirectly regulates IL-4-meidated function in spleen cells by affecting hematopoiesis.