The aim of this review is to present and discuss the most recent literature about the processing of insect biomass and its impact on nutritive value,further implementation of meals and fats derived from invertebrates ...The aim of this review is to present and discuss the most recent literature about the processing of insect biomass and its impact on nutritive value,further implementation of meals and fats derived from invertebrates to livestock(poultry and swine),aquaculture(salmonids),and companion animal diets and their impact on growth performance,metabolic response,and gastrointestinal microbiota shifts.Additionally,the most important barriers to obtaining unified products in terms of their nutritive value are considered,i.e.,to define insects'nutrient requirements,including various technological groups and further biomass processing(slaughtering,drying,and storage).Due to the current limitation in the insect production process consisting of the lack of infrastructure,there is stress on the relatively small amount of insect products added to the animal diets as a functional feed additive.Currently,only in the case of pet nutrition may insects be considered a full replacement for commonly used environmentally harmful and allergenic products.Simultaneously,the least information has been published on this topic.Thus,more scientific data are needed,particularly when the pet food branch and insect-based diets are rapidly growing.展开更多
Like RNA viruses in general,coronaviruses(CoV)exhibit high mutation rates which,in combination with their strong tendency to recombine,enable them to overcome the host species barrier and adapt to new hosts.It is curr...Like RNA viruses in general,coronaviruses(CoV)exhibit high mutation rates which,in combination with their strong tendency to recombine,enable them to overcome the host species barrier and adapt to new hosts.It is currently known that six CoV are able to infect pigs.Four of them belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus[transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus(TEGV),porcine respiratory coronavirus(PRCV),porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV),swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus(SADS-CoV)],one of them to the genus Betacoronavirus[porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus(PHEV)]and the last one to the genus Deltacoronavirus(PDCoV).PHEV was one of the first identified swine CoV and is still widespread,causing subclinical infections in pigs in several countries.PRCV,a spike deletion mutant of TGEV associated with respiratory tract infection,appeared in the 1980 s.PRCV is considered nonpathogenic since its infection course is mild or subclinical.Since its appearance,pig populations have become immune to both PRCV and TGEV,leading to a significant reduction in the clinical and economic importance of TGEV.TGEV,PEDV and PDCoV are enteropathogenic CoV and cause clinically indistinguishable acute gastroenteritis in all age groups of pigs.PDCoV and SADS-CoV have emerged in 2014(US)and in 2017(China),respectively.Rapid diagnosis is crucial for controlling CoV infections and preventing them from spreading.Since vaccines are available only for some porcine CoV,prevention should focus mainly on a high level of biosecurity.In view of the diversity of CoV and the potential risk factors associated with zoonotic emergence,updating the knowledge concerning this area is essential.展开更多
基金supported by statutory funding No.506.533.04.00 of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Poznan University of Life Science,Poland,the Department of Animal Nutrition,and grant OPUS-20 titled,“The role of Hermetia illucens larvae fat in poultry nutritiondfrom the nutritive value to the health status of broiler chickens”no.2020/39/B/NZ9/00237financed by the National Science Center(Poland).
文摘The aim of this review is to present and discuss the most recent literature about the processing of insect biomass and its impact on nutritive value,further implementation of meals and fats derived from invertebrates to livestock(poultry and swine),aquaculture(salmonids),and companion animal diets and their impact on growth performance,metabolic response,and gastrointestinal microbiota shifts.Additionally,the most important barriers to obtaining unified products in terms of their nutritive value are considered,i.e.,to define insects'nutrient requirements,including various technological groups and further biomass processing(slaughtering,drying,and storage).Due to the current limitation in the insect production process consisting of the lack of infrastructure,there is stress on the relatively small amount of insect products added to the animal diets as a functional feed additive.Currently,only in the case of pet nutrition may insects be considered a full replacement for commonly used environmentally harmful and allergenic products.Simultaneously,the least information has been published on this topic.Thus,more scientific data are needed,particularly when the pet food branch and insect-based diets are rapidly growing.
基金supported by the National Science Centre,Poland,under research project(DEC-2014/13/B/NZ6/02566)statutory funding 506.514.05.00 of the Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science,Poznan University of Life Sciences,Poznan,Poland。
文摘Like RNA viruses in general,coronaviruses(CoV)exhibit high mutation rates which,in combination with their strong tendency to recombine,enable them to overcome the host species barrier and adapt to new hosts.It is currently known that six CoV are able to infect pigs.Four of them belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus[transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus(TEGV),porcine respiratory coronavirus(PRCV),porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV),swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus(SADS-CoV)],one of them to the genus Betacoronavirus[porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus(PHEV)]and the last one to the genus Deltacoronavirus(PDCoV).PHEV was one of the first identified swine CoV and is still widespread,causing subclinical infections in pigs in several countries.PRCV,a spike deletion mutant of TGEV associated with respiratory tract infection,appeared in the 1980 s.PRCV is considered nonpathogenic since its infection course is mild or subclinical.Since its appearance,pig populations have become immune to both PRCV and TGEV,leading to a significant reduction in the clinical and economic importance of TGEV.TGEV,PEDV and PDCoV are enteropathogenic CoV and cause clinically indistinguishable acute gastroenteritis in all age groups of pigs.PDCoV and SADS-CoV have emerged in 2014(US)and in 2017(China),respectively.Rapid diagnosis is crucial for controlling CoV infections and preventing them from spreading.Since vaccines are available only for some porcine CoV,prevention should focus mainly on a high level of biosecurity.In view of the diversity of CoV and the potential risk factors associated with zoonotic emergence,updating the knowledge concerning this area is essential.