The First Global Map of Atmospheric Ammonia(NH_(3)) as Observed by the HIRAS/FY-3D Satellite

Atmospheric ammonia(NH_(3)) is a chemically active trace gas that plays an important role in the atmospheric environment and climate change. Satellite remote sensing is a powerful technique to monitor NH_(3) concentration based on the absorption lines of NH_(3) in the thermal infrared region. In this study, we establish a retrieval algorithm to derive the NH_(3)column from the Hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounder(HIRAS) onboard the Chinese Feng Yun(FY)-3D satellite and present the first atmospheric NH_(3) column global map observed by the HIRAS instrument. The HIRAS observations can well capture NH_(3) hotspots around the world, e.g., India, West Africa, and East China, where large NH_(3) emissions exist. The HIRAS NH_(3) columns are also compared to the space-based Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer(IASI)measurements, and we find that the two instruments observe a consistent NH_(3) global distribution, with correlation coefficient(R) values of 0.28–0.73. Finally, some remaining issues about the HIRAS NH_(3) retrieval are discussed.

Kinetics and mechanistic study of n-alkane hydroisomerization reaction on Pt-doped g-alumina catalyst

The catalysts g-alumina(GA,the reference catalyst)and Pt doped g-alumina(PGA-s)were synthesized using a simple sol-gel technique,in which at first preparation of porous base(GA),then impregnation of platinum salt over the base and finally reduction of platinum in the surface of the support were done.These catalysts prepared in different mole ratios of Pt:Al as 2:1,1:1 and 1:2 are named as PGA-1,PGA-2 and PGA-3 respectively.The isomerization of n-alkanes(n-hexane,nheptane and n-octane)were investigated over the synthesized catalysts.The 2-methyl pentane(2-MP),2,2-dimethyl pentane(2,2-DMP)and 2,3-dimethyl hexane(2,3-DMH)are the major products of respective isomerization of n-hexane,n-heptane and n-octane,besides a small amount of other branched isomers are also produced.The product distribution is comparable to that reported for Pt based other catalysts.The optimal mole ratios of Pt:Al is 1:1(PGA-2)gives quite good catalytic activity for isomerization of n-alkane.Even through in reusability study,PGA-2 gives better performance than others.We have mainly focused on kinetic study,reaction mechanism behind isomerization and calculated the order of reactions and activation energies of the isomerization reactions in the present work.

Effect of Yanggan Jiedu Sanjie formula on human hepatocellular carcinoma Bel-7402 cells

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Yanggan Jiedu Sanjie(YGJDSJ) formula on human hepatocellular carcinoma Bel-7402 cells.METHODS: Bel-7402 cells were treated with YGJDSJ. Cell proliferation was detected by cell counting kit-8 assay. Cell apoptosis was identified by Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometric analysis. Cell cycle distribution was quantified by flow cytometric analysis. Caspase activities were measured by commercial kit. Cell senescence was detected by senescence-associated β-galactosidase(SA-β-gal)staining. Protein expression and phosphorylation were identified by Western blot. Protein expression was knocked-down by siRNA.RESULTS: YGJDSJ inhibited proliferation of Bel-7402 cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner.YGJDSJ induced apoptosis and activated caspase-3, 8, and 9 in Bel-7402 cells. YGJDSJ-induced apoptosis was completely abrogated by a pan caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK. YGJDSJ also induced cell senescence, up-regulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 a(CDKN1 a) and CDKN2 a expression and down-regulated retinoblastoma protein(RB) phosphorylation in Bel-7402 cells. Specific knockdown of CDKN1 a and CDKN2 a significantly reduced YGJDSJ-induce cell senescence in Bel-7402 cells.CONCLUSION: YGJDSJ inhibited cell proliferation,induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and CDKN1 a/CDKN2 a-RB signalling mediated cell senescence in Bel-7402 cells. Our findings suggest that YGJDSJ might be potential for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.

On Semi-infinite Mathematical Programming Problems with Equilibrium Constraints Using Generalized Convexity

In this paper,we consider semi-infinite mathematical programming problems with equilibrium constraints(SIMPPEC).By using the notion of convexificators,we establish sufficient optimality conditions for the SIMPPEC.We formulate Wolfe and Mond–Weir-type dual models for the SIMPPEC under the invexity and generalized invexity assumptions.Weak and strong duality theorems are established to relate the SIMPPEC and two dual programs in the framework of convexificators.