The rationale of this work is based on recent evidences suggesting that: 1) both qualitative and quantitative β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) polymorphism may be found in bovine milk;2) quantitative polymorphisms are often t...The rationale of this work is based on recent evidences suggesting that: 1) both qualitative and quantitative β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) polymorphism may be found in bovine milk;2) quantitative polymorphisms are often the result of expression gradients in multiple copies of a gene;3) the β-LG gene is duplicated in the dog and bovine genome;4) mammary genes are highly conserved across Mammalia. Thus, an investigation was conducted on ovine β-LG polymorphism checking phenotypic evidence for copy-number variants of β-LG in sheep. To the purpose, 206 milk samples were collected, during a small-scale survey within sheep farms breeding Southern Italian breeds. PAGIF screening of the samples revealed that approximately 50% individuals exhibited β-LG polymorphism and 4 different quantitative patterns, which were characterized in detail by a proteomic approach relying on combined chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. The expected figures based on the expression gradient models were compared with well-established α-globin gene arrangements in sheep. The different phenotypes suggest the presence of both duplicate and triplicate BLG haplotypes. The occurrence of a triplicate haplotype was supported by population data. The current study supports the helpfulness of up-to-date proteomics for inferring copy number polymorphisms through the characterization of the phenotypic expression.展开更多
Wine aging for 120 days was prepared by using luna nut （Lepisanthesfruticosa Leenh.）, Longan （Dimocarpus longan Lour.）, black poum （Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala）, neem （Azadirachta indica）, drumstick （M...Wine aging for 120 days was prepared by using luna nut （Lepisanthesfruticosa Leenh.）, Longan （Dimocarpus longan Lour.）, black poum （Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala）, neem （Azadirachta indica）, drumstick （Moringa oleifera Lam.） and oak （Quercus sp.）. The taste examination was done by 50 sensory examiners in order to evaluate the organoleptic quality of wine samples. The results showed that the highest score of organoliptic quality of wine aging with Longan woods relating to oak wood. Therefore, Longan wood is the most acceptable can used for wine aging process. The qualitative analysis for some volatile aroma of the two highest score wood aging wine was carried out by gas chromtography-mass spectrometer （GC-SPME） technique, equipped with a Flame lonisation Detector （FID） detector and a DB-WAX capillary column with helium as a carrier gas. The oven temperature was kept at 40 ℃ for 7 min followed by increasing to 230 ℃ with the rate of 3 ℃/min. The result showed the present β-caryophillene, humulene and eugenol in Longan wood wine while eugenol and ethyl octanoate were found in case of drumstick wood wine. The antioxidant activity of all wood aging wine was determined by DPPH scavenging technique. Wine aging with Longan used showed the test result with 1.62% v/v for EC50.展开更多
文摘The rationale of this work is based on recent evidences suggesting that: 1) both qualitative and quantitative β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) polymorphism may be found in bovine milk;2) quantitative polymorphisms are often the result of expression gradients in multiple copies of a gene;3) the β-LG gene is duplicated in the dog and bovine genome;4) mammary genes are highly conserved across Mammalia. Thus, an investigation was conducted on ovine β-LG polymorphism checking phenotypic evidence for copy-number variants of β-LG in sheep. To the purpose, 206 milk samples were collected, during a small-scale survey within sheep farms breeding Southern Italian breeds. PAGIF screening of the samples revealed that approximately 50% individuals exhibited β-LG polymorphism and 4 different quantitative patterns, which were characterized in detail by a proteomic approach relying on combined chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. The expected figures based on the expression gradient models were compared with well-established α-globin gene arrangements in sheep. The different phenotypes suggest the presence of both duplicate and triplicate BLG haplotypes. The occurrence of a triplicate haplotype was supported by population data. The current study supports the helpfulness of up-to-date proteomics for inferring copy number polymorphisms through the characterization of the phenotypic expression.
文摘Wine aging for 120 days was prepared by using luna nut （Lepisanthesfruticosa Leenh.）, Longan （Dimocarpus longan Lour.）, black poum （Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala）, neem （Azadirachta indica）, drumstick （Moringa oleifera Lam.） and oak （Quercus sp.）. The taste examination was done by 50 sensory examiners in order to evaluate the organoleptic quality of wine samples. The results showed that the highest score of organoliptic quality of wine aging with Longan woods relating to oak wood. Therefore, Longan wood is the most acceptable can used for wine aging process. The qualitative analysis for some volatile aroma of the two highest score wood aging wine was carried out by gas chromtography-mass spectrometer （GC-SPME） technique, equipped with a Flame lonisation Detector （FID） detector and a DB-WAX capillary column with helium as a carrier gas. The oven temperature was kept at 40 ℃ for 7 min followed by increasing to 230 ℃ with the rate of 3 ℃/min. The result showed the present β-caryophillene, humulene and eugenol in Longan wood wine while eugenol and ethyl octanoate were found in case of drumstick wood wine. The antioxidant activity of all wood aging wine was determined by DPPH scavenging technique. Wine aging with Longan used showed the test result with 1.62% v/v for EC50.
