Transcriptomic and Physiological Analyses of Pigment Accumulation in Eucommia ulmoides‘Hongye’

Eucommia ulmoides‘Hongye’is a new ornamental variety of E.ulmoides with excellent red or purple foliage.We found that E.ulmoides‘Hongye’exhibited a gradual change from green to red colour under light conditions.However,the colouring mechanism in the leaves of E.ulmoides‘Hongye’remains unclear.In this study,we compared the pigment content and leaf colour index of E.ulmoides‘Hongye’at five stages with those of E.ulmoides‘Xiaoye’,which was used as the control variety.The transcriptome sequencing data of the first-period(H1,green)and fifth-period(H5,red)leaves were also analysed and compared.The corresponding gene regulation in anthocyanin-related metabolic pathways was then analysed.Physiological results indicated that the contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins in red leaves(H5)were significantly higher than those in green leaves(H1),whereas the chlorophyll content in red leaves(H5)was lower than that in green leaves(H1).Moreover,the carotenoid content did not significantly differ between the two varieties.A transcriptome analysis identified 4240 differentially expressed genes(DEGs),and 20 of these genes were found to be involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways.The results provide a reference for further study of the leaf colouration mechanism in E.ulmoides.

Predictions in Clinical Efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) Inhibitors by Molecular Docking

This study utilizes the enzyme-substrate complex theory to predict the clinical efficacy of COVID-19 treatments at the biological systems level, using molecular docking stability indicators. Experimental data from the Protein Data Bank and molecular structures generated by AlphaFold 3 were used to create macromolecular complex templates. Six templates were developed, including the holo nsp7-nsp8-nsp12 (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) complex with dsRNA primers (holo-RdRp-RNA). The study evaluated several ligands—Favipiravir-RTP, Remdesivir, Abacavir, Ribavirin, and Oseltamivir—as potential viral RNA polymerase inhibitors. Notably, the first four of these ligands have been clinically employed in the treatment of COVID-19, allowing for comparative analysis. Molecular docking simulations were performed using AutoDock 4, and statistical differences were assessed through t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests. A review of the literature on COVID-19 treatment outcomes and inhibitors targeting RNA polymerase enzymes was conducted, and the inhibitors were ranked according to their clinical efficacy: Remdesivir > Favipiravir-RTP > Oseltamivir. Docking results obtained from the second and third templates aligned with clinical observations. Furthermore, Abacavir demonstrated a predicted efficacy comparable to Favipiravir-RTP, while Ribavirin exhibited a predicted efficacy similar to that of Remdesivir. This research, focused on inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, establishes a framework for screening AI-generated drug templates based on clinical outcomes. Additionally, it develops a drug screening platform based on molecular docking binding energy, enabling the evaluation of novel or repurposed drugs and potentially accelerating the drug development process.

Claim reserving for insurance contracts in line with the International Financial Reporting Standards 17:a new paid‑incurred chain approach to risk adjustments

This study considers the risk management of insurance policies in line with the implementation of the new International Financial Reporting Standards 17.It applies the paid-incurred chain method to model the future unpaid losses by combining the information channels of both the incurred claims and paid losses.We propose the recovery of the empirical distribution of the outstanding claims liabilities associated with a group of contracts via moment-based density approximation.We determine the risk measures and adjustments that are compliant with the new standard using the Monte–Carlo simulation method and approximated distributions.The historical data on the aggregate Ontario automobile insurance claims over a 15-year period are analyzed to examine the appropriateness and accuracy of our approach.