Bundle adjustment for data processing of theodolite industrial surveying system

The photogrammetric bundle adjustment was used in data processing of electronic theodolite industrial surveying system by converting angular observations into virtual photo coordinates. The developed algorithm has ability of precision estimation and data snooping, do not need initial values of exterior orientation elements and object point coordinates. The form of control condition for the system is quite flexible. Neither centering nor leveling is the theodolite needed and the lay out of theodolite position is flexible when the system is used for precise survey. Experiments carried out in test field verify the validity of the data processing method. [

Evalution of the Accuracy and Performance of Multi-GNSS(MGEX)Positioning for Long Baselines by Using Different Software

The Global Positioning System(GPS)is a GNSS constellation,but GNSS is not always GPS.GPS is one of the GNSS constellations used around the world.The GNSS constellations include GPS(US),QZSS(Japan),Beidou/BDS(China),Galileo(EU),and GLONASS(Russia).In 1999,the European Commission(EC)proposed the European Galileo satellite navigation system for the first time.A four-phase development was proposed,including public and private sector finance.Galileo was intended for both civilian and government use,and is managed and controlled by civil authorities.Galileo is made up of 30 satellites,a number of globally distributed ground stations,and a ground control and monitoring system,all of which are extremely similar to the structure,format,and layout of GPS.In this study,we investigate GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/Beidou/IRNSS/QZSS Navigation Satellite System integration algorithm for long baselines ranging from 1500 km to 3000 km in China,Japan and Mongolia.The positioning performance with GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BDS/IRNSS/QZSS,GPS-only,Galileo-only,GLONASS-only and BDS-only,etc.is compared in terms of the positioning accuracy.An improvement of positioning accuracy over long baselines can be found with GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BDS/QZSS/IRNSS compared with that of GPS-only and that of BDS-only.The obtained differences of the two baselines(Topcon Magnet Tools Software(Multi-GNSS)-(CSRS-PPP(GPS/GLONASS),(Trimble-RTX(GPS/GLONASS),(AUSPOS(GPS/GLONASS))Online Processing Software)by using GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BDS/QZSS/IRNSS signals is between 40 cm and 111.5 cm on three days.

Spatio-temporal analysis of forest fire events in the Margalla Hills,Islamabad,Pakistan using socio-economic and environmental variable data with machine learning methods

Most forest fires in the Margalla Hills are related to human activities and socioeconomic factors are essential to assess their likelihood of occurrence.This study considers both environmental(altitude,precipitation,forest type,terrain and humidity index)and socioeconomic(population density,distance from roads and urban areas)factors to analyze how human behavior affects the risk of forest fires.Maximum entropy(Maxent)modelling and random forest(RF)machine learning methods were used to predict the probability and spatial diffusion patterns of forest fires in the Margalla Hills.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and the area under the ROC curve(AUC)were used to compare the models.We studied the fire history from 1990 to 2019 to establish the relationship between the probability of forest fire and environmental and socioeconomic changes.Using Maxent,the AUC fire probability values for the 1999 s,2009 s,and 2019 s were 0.532,0.569,and 0.518,respectively;using RF,they were 0.782,0.825,and 0.789,respectively.Fires were mainly distributed in urban areas and their probability of occurrence was related to accessibility and human behaviour/activity.AUC principles for validation were greater in the random forest models than in the Maxent models.Our results can be used to establish preventive measures to reduce risks of forest fires by considering socio-economic and environmental conditions.

The Use of GIS and Google Earth for Preliminary Site Selection of Groundwater Recharge in the Azraq Oasis Area—Jordan

Groundwater is considered to be the major water resource for many areas and the only source of water in some areas in Jordan. Some of Jordan groundwater resources are presently exploited at maximum capacity and in some cases are exploited beyond there safe yield. One of the efficient ways to fight the deficit in groundwater resources is through recharging the water tables naturally or artificially. This research aimed to select the optimum sites for groundwater recharge in the Azraq Oasis area/Jordan through the use of GIS techniques. The selection criteria were based on slope, drainage density, lineament density within the study area. The adopted selection technique was the Boolean techniques (Multiplication) within a Raster GIS. Thirty five sites were selected within the study area with areas vary between 5.2 ha to 273.5 ha. The total area that has the potential for groundwater recharge is 1659.5 ha which represents ca. 3.55% of the study area.

A Multi-Resolution Photogrammetric Framework for Digital Geometric Recording of Large Archeological Sites: Ajloun Castle-Jordan

The generation of reality-based 3D models of archeological sites is the future of representing existing ancient structures. Such approach requires substantial economic and logistical costs which limit this application. In this context, this paper presents the use of photogrammetric workflow, based on Structure from Motion techniques (SfM) to derive 3D metric information from Structure-and-Motion images. The interdisciplinary 3D modeling framework consists of fusion of multi resolution images from both overlapped low-altitude aerial and multi-view terrestrial imagery. The acquisition of aerial photographs survey was based on archived oblique aerial stereo pair photos acquired from the Aerial Photographic Archive for Archaeology in the Middle East (APAAME) project, while terrestrial of close range photos covering the castle walls has been acquired using portable camera. Camera calibration and orientation were carried out by VisualSFM, CMPMVS (Multi-View Reconstruction) and SURE (Photogrammetric Surface Reconstruction from Imagery) software. The resulted cloud points were processed using cloud Compare, MeshLab, Agisoft, and Skethup Softwares. A complete 3D digital geometric recording of the site was accomplished based on dense 3D point clouds with realistic metric accuracy and photorealistic performance to meet all the surveying and archaeological needs. The final Ajloun castle’s digital model geometry was added as a 3D building layer on Google Earth.

Determining the Rate of Salinity of Persian Gulf Waters with the Aid of Satellite Images and Least Squares Method

As yet various methods have been used for determining the salinity rate of seas and oceans water. The current method of determining salinity rate of seas water has been field examination of various points of sea and determining its salinity rate. In the last decade, remote sensing satellite images have had high capability in determining sea waters salinity rate. Regarding that the present methods in remote sensing depend on the studied regions, therefore, the necessity of customization of these methods is felt. Fresh water springs due to impact on water salinity and temperature and also the environment physics and density like sound velocity are very significant and since coasts and islands of Persian Gulf are considered among arid and semi-arid regions and lack drinking water, access to fresh water springs has more significance. After studies performed, preparation of salinity rate observations and catching two series of proper images for felid data for complete coverage of the region, preprocessing and calibration was performed. For this purpose in turning the acquired radiance to reflection, ENVI software was used. The histogram of calibrated shades of gray rates in images was specified, so that reflection of each sample can be extracted from images. In this paper, the rate of least method efficiency in determining salinity rate of Persian Gulf waters was examined and finally identifying fresh water pits using remote sensing technique was done. The obtained results in the least squares methods after combining various bands of image with each other specified that combining 4 bands of 2, 3, 5 and 7 has the least standard deviation rate with training data and test, which is equal to 0.385 and 0.991978.

Emergy analysis of ecosystem at reclamation area

The emergy theory was used to analyze the emergy structure of the ecosystem at reclamation area in order to find the problem existed in the reclamation ecosystem through compared with the modern agriculture.The research results show that the propor- tion of assistant emergy input into the system is higher which indicate that the productivity of reclamation land has not resumed and a lot of assistant emergy needed to improve the productivity.The ecosystem overly depend on chemical fertilizer,which is bad to agricul- tural ecosystem;the agricultural ecosystem in reclamation area belongs to traditional agriculture because the main power come from manpower and the usage of organic ferti- lizer is little,through compare the index of emergy with modern agriculture,the value of EyR and ED in reclamation area is less than the modern agriculture.

A Method of Precision Testing Relative Relation of Space Points and Its Application

In response to the high requirements of industrial precision test, presenting a method of testing relative relation of space points was studied. The spatial-coordinate testing system was established by using high precision theodolites and horizontal staff. The related test was conducted with the use of the space intersection and the precision was evaluated based on the error of baseline. In the practical application of radar-development base, the relative relation of space points was implemented by using electronic theodolite and horizontal staff, which can be easily operated. Furthermore, it can be conveniently used to test small areas where the instruments are difficult to be installed and for high industrial requirements of precision test. The test results can fully meet the strict industrial requirements.

Comparison and Validation of the Recent Freely Available DEMs over Parts of the Earth’s Lowest Elevation Area: Dead Sea, Jordan

The present research study assesses the accuracy of two recent freely available ASTER-GDEM ver.2, SRTM ver.4.1 digital elevation models for parts of the lowest area on the earth on the shores of the Dead Sea, the site located over areas with high variation in topography within the “humratessahan” watershed, where the elevation varies between 700 m above sea level in the north east of the watershed to 210 meter below sea level. The reference elevation data used in this study are topographical points extracted from existing digital vector topographical map published by Royal Jordanian Geographical Center (RJGC). However, the contour lines do not cover the whole area especially in the flat areas where elevation is less than the contour line interval. Therefore, the second reference data created with photogrammetric techniques from stereoscopic pairs of aerial photos had been used for the surface to surface comparison and elevation profiles assessment purpose. It is demonstrated that the vertical accuracy of ASTER-GDEM ver.2 is 22.223 m (Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)) against reference elevation data, while the SRTM ver.4.1 has an RMSE of 15.858 m;the statistics results indicate that the theoretical accuracy is achievable and meets the expected accuracy specification. Furthermore, as for its unprecedented detail, it is believed that the photogrammetric derived DEM offers an alternative in accessibility to high-quality elevation data with vertical accuracy of 0.78 m (Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)).

The Impact of Za’atari Refugee Camp on the Water Quality in Amman-Zarqa Basin

Za’atari camp is the largest refugee camp in Jordan. It was first established in 2012 to host Syrian refugees. Currently the camp hosts more than 81,000 refugees, with no proper sanitary system which might pose a major threat to surface resources in the area. An investigation was done at Za’atari refugees’ camp to find the impact of refugees settling on surface and groundwater quality. Surface water quality of surface runoff generated from thirty rain fall events were collected during the winter season of 2013/2014 from the major Wadi that passes through the camp and small ponds within the camp after the rainfall event. The collected samples were analyzed for acidity (pH), the electrical connectivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), nutrients (NO3<sup style='margin-left:-7px;'>- and PO4<sup style='margin-left:-7px;'>3-) and selected heavy metals (Mn, Cd, Zn, Pb and Ni) in addition to biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and intestinal worms (Total Coliform, E. cali). The results showed that there are significant variations in the EC as well as with TDS between the sites due to fluctuating amounts of water used for different activities within the camp as it was highest in the center of the camp where most of the refugees settle decreasing away from the center. The pH values were within the specifications of the World Health Organization and the Jordanian Standards. For nutrients, nitrate concentration was low with high phosphate ions which are most probably from detergents origin.

Object-Based Classification of Urban Distinct Sub-Elements Using High Spatial Resolution Orthoimages and DSM Layers

This paper aims to assess the ways in which multi-resolution object-based classification methods can be used to group urban environments made up of a mixture of buildings, sub-elements such as car parks, roads, shades and pavements and foliage such as grass and trees. This involves using both unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which provide high-resolution mosaic Orthoimages and generate a Digital Surface Model (DSM). For the study area chosen for this paper, 400 Orthoimages with a spatial resolution of 7 cm each were used to build the Orthoimages and DSM, which were georeferenced using well distributed network of ground control points (GCPs) of 12 reference points (RMSE = 8 cm). As these were combined with onboard RTK-GNSS-enabled 2-frequency receivers, they were able to provide absolute block orientation which had a similar accuracy range if the data had been collected by traditional indirect sensor orientation. Traditional indirect sensor orientation involves the GNSS receiver in the UAV receiving a differential signal from the base station through a communication link. This allows for the precise position of the UAV to be established, as the RTK uses correction, allowing position, velocity, altitude and heading to tracked, as well as the measurement of raw sensor data. By assessing the results of the confusion matrices, it can be seen that the overall accuracy of the object-oriented classification was 84.37%. This has an overall Kappa of 0.74 and the data that had poor classification accuracy included shade, parking lots and concrete pavements. These had a producer accuracy (precision) of 81%, 74% and 74% respectively, while lakes and solar panels each scored 100% in comparison, meaning that they had good classification accuracy.

Borehole Tilt Observations of Xiangshan Station, Beijing, and Effects of Tilt Due to Fault Creeping

An ASKANIA borehole tiltmeter which consists of a vertical pendulum with two degrees of freedom was installed in Xiangshan station,Beijing,in May 1989 in order to monitor the earthquake-reiated crustal deformations.The preliminary results indicate that the resolution of the instrument is better than 0.05 msec for tidal amplitudes.The daily total tidal amplitude is about 20 msec.The spectral analysis of the first four months data provides a signal-to-noise ratio of 】 100 for the main semi-diurnal waves.The non-tidal tilts for one year data are dominated by a long term drift with the rate of 0.9 msec/day for X-component and 1.1 msec/day for Y-component.In addition,the tilt observations are affected by meteorological factors,especially by rainfall.The results of modelings of the fault-creep related tilts and responses of tilts to earthquakes suggest that the tilt measurements are very sensitive to the change in tectonic strain and stress fields near the site where the tiltmeter is installed.The

Suitable Site Selection and Location Allocation of Solid Waste Col­lection Bin by Using Geographic Information Systems:A Case of Nekemte Town

The problem of environmental pollution and health hazards due to inappropriate solid waste disposal is critical in developing countries like Ethiopia,Nekemte town is one of the town in Ethiopia facing from environmental pollution due to lack of appropriate dumping site which leads pollution of surface and ground water and environment in and around dumping area.The key objective of this study was the selection of appropriate sites for disposal,solid waste using Geographic Information System tools.Selection the most suitable landfill site was determined through the integration of geographic information system tools,multi-criteria decision investigation and remote sensing techniques.To select a suitable landfill site several parameters were considered for example slope,constructed area,road,water bodies,land uses,geology and soil.After analysis of the suitability of a solid waste-dumping site used GIS tools,weighted analyzed methods selected 36 areas for medium solid waste Bins.Suitability map was prepared by overlay analyzed with GIS based Weighted Linear Combination analysis to select the suitable sites and assigned as the value as unsuitable,less suitable,moderately suitable,suitable and highly suitable were determined.Using this method selected,highly suitable areas for land fill and inclination area.

Assessment of the Cause and Effect of Early Damage of Cobble Stone Road Construction and Its Remedial Measurements:A Case of Nekemte Town Cheleleki Sub City

Road constructing in Ethiopia is increasingly in demand to meet its medium and long term development programs.Most internal roads of Oromia city/town are cobblestone and gravel.Some portions along the alignment proposed and existing roads traversed low resistance of the subgrade that affect the stability of the upper layers of cobblestones.Structural failure is observed on cobblestone roads,and it would be constructed with good quality or low quality of materials.Nekemte Cobblestones Projects have been started in 2014 widely which were filled in most areas today as we observed that needs to be addressed and a corresponding remedial measures must be drawn.A possible counteractive actions had been ordered for every observed destroyed to achieve the standard road situation of the study zone.An evaluation was made use observation,interviews,laboratory test and field test to govern an appropriateness of cobblestones.The lie beneath soil used for bottom layers of road structure based on standard of Ethiopian Road Authority(ERA)low volume road standards.Therefore,result from the field test and laboratory test shown,causes of cobblestone road failures of Nekemte street segment were mostly because of the construction steps/sequence,quality of materials,road construction time,absence of appropriate design,quality supervisor,absences of drainage structures,lack of highly compaction,lack of accurately fill fine aggregate and suddenly high loads vehicle applied on cobblestone road.

Air Pollution Risk Assessment Using GIS and Remotely Sensed Data in Kirkuk City,Iraq

According to World Health Organization(WHO)estimates and based on a world population review,Iraq ranks tenth among the most air-polluted countries in the world.In this study,the authors tried to evaluate the outdoor air of Kirkuk City north of Iraq.The authors relied on two types of data:field measurements and remotely sensed data.Fifteen air quality points were determined in the study region representing the monthly average measurements im­plemented for the one-year dataset.Geographic information systems(GIS)based geo-statistic and geo-processing techniques have been applied to collected data.Spatial distribution data related to Air Quality Index(AQI),and Par­ticulate Matter(PM10 and PM2.5)were obtained by mapping collected records.Remotely sensed data of PM2.5 were analyzed and compared with the collected data.Health impacts were assessed per each air pollutant determined in the study.Spatial distribution maps revealed the hazardous air type in the study area.Overall AQI ranged between 300 and 472μg/m^(3)referring to unhealthy,very unhealthy,and hazardous classes of pollution.Also,PM10 ranged between 300 and 570μg/m^(3)indicating the same class of air pollution from unhealthy to hazardous.While PM2.5 ranged between 40 and 60μg/m^(3)which represents unhealthy air for sensitive persons and unhealthy air.The remotely sensed data re­vealed different air types for the study period ranging from 14.5 to 52.5μg/m^(3)represented in moderate and unhealthy air for sensitive persons.Significant correlations were obtained where the mean local R2(coefficient of determination)was obtained as 0.83.The assessed data were within high air pollution that requires immediate intervention for con­trolling causes and eliminating their effects.

Estimating coal reserves using a support vector machine

The basic principles of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) are introduced in this paper. A specific process to establish an SVM prediction model is given. To improve the precision of coal reserve estimation, a support vector machine method, based on statistical learning theory, is put forward. The SVM model was trained and tested by using the existing exploration and exploitation data of Chencun mine of Yima bureau’s as the input data. Then coal reserves within a particular region were calculated. These calculated results and the actual results of the exploration block were compared. The maximum relative error was 10.85%, within the scope of acceptable error limits. The results show that the SVM coal reserve calculation method is reliable. This method is simple, practical and valuable.

GIS and Remote Sensing to Investigate Urban Growth in Mafraq City/Jordan between 1987 and 2010

The spatial, temporal and spectral characteristics of the remote sensing data are effectively used in land use and land cover change mapping, hence helping in decision making for sustainable land resource management. The aim of the study is to map urbanization growth using satellite imagery, Google imagery and GIS in Mafraq city/North Jordan. Landsat imageries of 1987, 2005 and Google Earth (GeoEye-1) imagery of 2010 were used in GIS environment to map the change in the urbanization at Mafraq city. Maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification was used to delineate two land use and land cover classes for the study area, namely: populated areas and non-populated areas from 1987 and 2005 imageries. On-Screen digitizing was adopted on Google Earth (GeoEye-1) imagery of 2010 to map the populated areas. The main change observed for the time period of 1987-2010 was that the urbanized areas have increased approximately by 7.14 km2 (approximately 23% of the study area). The population density within the study area has increased from approximately 965 inhabitants per sq.km in 1987 to 1808 inhabitants per sq·km in 2005 and reached 2146 inhabitants per sq·km in 2010. The increase in the populated area within Mafraq city has impacted the surface hydrology runoff which leads to diverting some Wadis to avoid passing through the city centre. Also, the increase in urbanization in Mafraq city has put more pressures on the waste water treatment plant and solid waste dumpsite that serve Mafraq city.

Low-degree toroidal modes from the Sumatra-Andaman event observed by superconducting gravimeters

The complex frequencies of the low-degree toroidal modes are helpful in constraining the mantle structure.In the early years,the traditional method to detect the low-degree toroidal modes is seismic approach,which is primarily limited by the horizontal noise of seismometers.Recently,it has been proved that gravity method is competitive.Therefore,we re-estimated or newly estimated the complex frequencies of the toroidal modes below 1.5 mHz excited by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman event using gravity method in this paper.The results show that(1)The quality factors of0 T5-0 T9 and1 T2-1 T3 are estimated from superconducting gravity data for the first time;(2)The estimated frequencies and quality factors for0 T2-0 T9 and1 T2-1 T3 are consistent with those provided by previous publications,which verifies the correctness and effectiveness of our estimations;(3)The maximum difference of frequencies between our results and those from CPREM is on the order of 0.01 mHz and the maximum difference of quality factors is at the level of 10.

An improved gravity method to horizontal tectonic stresses and its applications in Tibet

It is significant for identifying mass movement patterns to invert horizontal tectonic stresses at different depths underneath Tibet.In recent years,a large number of achievements focusing on two-dimensional tectonic stresses have been obtained from gravity data.However,three-dimensional tectonic stresses in Tibet are still unknown or debatable.Therefore,in the present study an improved method to multilayer horizontal tectonic stresses using gravity observations is developed.The inverted multilayer horizontal tectonic stresses are in agreement with those from previous studies.In addition,rich tectonic structure and development can be revealed from the inverted multilayer horizontal tectonic stresses:(1)the distribution of horizontal tectonic stresses at various depths shows strong correlation with that of the tectonic elements,where major faults and earthquake epicenters are corresponding with stress highs and the stable basins are consistent with stress lows.(2)the mass movement patterns of whole Tibet present clockwise,and the material movement directions in the west and east are approximately southnorth and east-west,respectively.(3)in eastern Tibet,the eastward materials caused by the south-north extrusion between Indian and Eurasian plates are divided into two parts by the stable Sichuan Block,one flowing nearly southeast and the other moving almost northeast.The inverted multilayer horizontal tectonic stresses may provide direct evidences for mass movement patterns in Tibet.

A new high-precision gravity solid tidal model for Precision Gravity Measurement Facility

It is significant for establishing gravity datum to construct precise gravity solid tidal model,A simple method with relatively low performance is to interpolate tidal parameters from the global gravity solid tide models.A competitive approach is to determine local gravity solid tidal model by harmonic analysis using long-time serial gravity observations.In this paper a new high-precision gravity solid tidal model for Precision Gravity Measurement Facility is estimated from two co-site gravimeters in the cave laboratory using modern international standard data processing techniques,whose accuracy is evaluated further by comparing with previous publications.The results show that:(1)the determined gravity solid tidal models from two co-site gravimeters are in good agreement with each other,of which the maximum differences for amplitude factors and phase delays don’t exceed 0.01700%and 2.50990°,respectively.(2)the performance of the obtained gravity solid tidal model is 0.00411 for amplitude factors and 0.24120°for phase delays,which is a little better than that of previous publications using superconducting gravity data from Wuhan station.(3)our results and methods are corrective and effective.(4)our model is tiny different from that provided by Wuhan station,which implies that it is necessary to construct a gravity solid tidal model for Precision Gravity Measurement Facility,rather than just adopting existing models at Wuhan station.Our results are helpful in realizing the goal of Precision Gravity Measurement Facility.