Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is a rare disease in most parts of the world, except for Southeast Asia, some parts of North Africa and the Arctic. It is mostly seen in people of Chinese origin. In India, NPC is also rare...Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is a rare disease in most parts of the world, except for Southeast Asia, some parts of North Africa and the Arctic. It is mostly seen in people of Chinese origin. In India, NPC is also rare, except for the Hill States of Northeast India, particularly Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram. The striking feature of NPC in Northeast India is that the incidence ranges over the complete spectrum from the lowest (as 0.5/100 000 to 2.0/100 000 among Caucasoid) to the highest (as ~20/100 000 among Cantonese/Zhongshan dialect Chinese). The age-adjusted rate of NPC in Kohima district of Nagaland State is 19.4/100 000, which is among the highest recorded rates. By contrast, in Assam, one of the so-called Hill States but not itself a hilly state, NPC is much less common. The Northeastern region is distinguished by a preponderance of the Tibeto-Burman languages and by variable mongoloid features among peoples of the region. The nature of the migratory populations who are presumed to be bearers of the mongoloid risk is unknown, but these NPC occurrence features provide an outstanding opportunity for NPC risk investigation, such as that of the hypothesis of Wee et al. for westward displacement of Chinese aborigines following the last glacial maximum.展开更多
The role of antibodies in kidney transplant(KT)has evolved significantly over the past few decades.This role of antibodies in KT is multifaceted,encompassing both the challenges they pose in terms of antibody-mediated...The role of antibodies in kidney transplant(KT)has evolved significantly over the past few decades.This role of antibodies in KT is multifaceted,encompassing both the challenges they pose in terms of antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)and the opportunities for improving transplant outcomes through better detection,prevention,and treatment strategies.As our understanding of the immunological mechanisms continues to evolve,so too will the approaches to managing and harnessing the power of antibodies in KT,ultimately leading to improved patient and graft survival.This narrative review explores the multifaceted roles of antibodies in KT,including their involvement in rejection mechanisms,advancements in desensitization protocols,AMR treatments,and their potential role in monitoring and improving graft survival.展开更多
Dengue is amongst the most prevalent viral diseases which globally affects millions of individuals annually and renders billions at risk,particularly in tropical and sub-tropical nations.WHO estimated 100-400 mil-lion...Dengue is amongst the most prevalent viral diseases which globally affects millions of individuals annually and renders billions at risk,particularly in tropical and sub-tropical nations.WHO estimated 100-400 mil-lion infections each year and reported 4.2 million active cases in 2019 worldwide.The infection is caused by arthropod-transmitted dengue virus which is known to have 5 serotypes(DENV1-5).Most of the cases show mild clinical symptoms;though others may develop severe forms viz;dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome.Though limited literature suggests the population-specific genetic influence on susceptibility and the clinical course of dengue;the genetic propensity of dengue is largely unknown in most ethnicities.In this context,the human leukocyte antigen(HLA)system represents the most polymorphic region of the human genome and is crucial for the initiation of an appropriate immune response.In most of the genome-wide association studies,the HLA complex is the most significantly linked genetic region with susceptibility or protection towards vari-ous infectious and noninfectious diseases.Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors represent another highly variable system present on the surface of natural killer(NK)cells which regulate the activity of NK cells through inter-actions with their cognate HLA ligands.It is conceivable that the interaction of HLA-Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors systems influences the host susceptibility towards dengue infection as well the disease outcome.Here we attempt to review these parameters in dengue infection and disease outcome.Further detailed investigations are warranted towards the identification of novel susceptibility markers and targeted therapeutic interventions.展开更多
文摘Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is a rare disease in most parts of the world, except for Southeast Asia, some parts of North Africa and the Arctic. It is mostly seen in people of Chinese origin. In India, NPC is also rare, except for the Hill States of Northeast India, particularly Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram. The striking feature of NPC in Northeast India is that the incidence ranges over the complete spectrum from the lowest (as 0.5/100 000 to 2.0/100 000 among Caucasoid) to the highest (as ~20/100 000 among Cantonese/Zhongshan dialect Chinese). The age-adjusted rate of NPC in Kohima district of Nagaland State is 19.4/100 000, which is among the highest recorded rates. By contrast, in Assam, one of the so-called Hill States but not itself a hilly state, NPC is much less common. The Northeastern region is distinguished by a preponderance of the Tibeto-Burman languages and by variable mongoloid features among peoples of the region. The nature of the migratory populations who are presumed to be bearers of the mongoloid risk is unknown, but these NPC occurrence features provide an outstanding opportunity for NPC risk investigation, such as that of the hypothesis of Wee et al. for westward displacement of Chinese aborigines following the last glacial maximum.
文摘The role of antibodies in kidney transplant(KT)has evolved significantly over the past few decades.This role of antibodies in KT is multifaceted,encompassing both the challenges they pose in terms of antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)and the opportunities for improving transplant outcomes through better detection,prevention,and treatment strategies.As our understanding of the immunological mechanisms continues to evolve,so too will the approaches to managing and harnessing the power of antibodies in KT,ultimately leading to improved patient and graft survival.This narrative review explores the multifaceted roles of antibodies in KT,including their involvement in rejection mechanisms,advancements in desensitization protocols,AMR treatments,and their potential role in monitoring and improving graft survival.
文摘Dengue is amongst the most prevalent viral diseases which globally affects millions of individuals annually and renders billions at risk,particularly in tropical and sub-tropical nations.WHO estimated 100-400 mil-lion infections each year and reported 4.2 million active cases in 2019 worldwide.The infection is caused by arthropod-transmitted dengue virus which is known to have 5 serotypes(DENV1-5).Most of the cases show mild clinical symptoms;though others may develop severe forms viz;dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome.Though limited literature suggests the population-specific genetic influence on susceptibility and the clinical course of dengue;the genetic propensity of dengue is largely unknown in most ethnicities.In this context,the human leukocyte antigen(HLA)system represents the most polymorphic region of the human genome and is crucial for the initiation of an appropriate immune response.In most of the genome-wide association studies,the HLA complex is the most significantly linked genetic region with susceptibility or protection towards vari-ous infectious and noninfectious diseases.Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors represent another highly variable system present on the surface of natural killer(NK)cells which regulate the activity of NK cells through inter-actions with their cognate HLA ligands.It is conceivable that the interaction of HLA-Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors systems influences the host susceptibility towards dengue infection as well the disease outcome.Here we attempt to review these parameters in dengue infection and disease outcome.Further detailed investigations are warranted towards the identification of novel susceptibility markers and targeted therapeutic interventions.
