Penile Fracture at the Department of Urology and Andrology, University Hospital, Brazzaville

Objective: The objectives of this study, was to analyze epidemiological diagnosis, therapeutic option and evolutionary aspects. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study regarding clinical data of nine penile fracture patients who have been admitted in the department of urology (university hospital, Brazzaville) from January 2006 to December 2018. The study parameters were: epidemiological, diagnosis, operative details, outcomes after treatment, and sexual disorders. Results: The mean age was 46.3 ± 14 years, ranged from 25 to 73 years. The etiology of penile fracture was coitus in 5 cases, masturbation in 3 cases and rolling of the penis on the bed in one case. 8 patients were managed surgically. The complications noticed in the postoperative period and during the follow-up visits were penile curvature in 2 cases, and erectyl dysfunction in 2 cases. Conclusion: The diagnosis of penile fracture remains clinic. Immediate surgical management is necessary for good functional result.

Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Male Infertility in Patients Consulting at the Urology Department of the Yaounde Central Hospital

Introduction: About 10 to 15% of couples in the world and 20 to 30% in Cameroon consult for infertility problems. Infertility is of male origin in 40% of cases. Our objective was to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical aspects of male infertility in our setting. Methods: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study, with retrospective data collection from the files of patients received for male infertility, over 5 years and 6 months (from January 1st, 2016 to April 30th, 2021) at the Urology Department of the Yaounde Central Hospital. Phone calls were made to patients with incomplete records for completion following a verbal consent. Data reported on data collection forms were entered into a data entry form designed on CSPro software version 7.2. The database was later exported for descriptive statistics using the IBM SPSS software version 23. Qualitative variables were summarized in frequencies and percentages while quantitative variables were summarized in means with their standard deviations for normally distributed data, or medians and interquartile ranges otherwise. Results: Out of 110 patients whose records were analyzed, the median age was 37.0 years, with an interquartile range of 8.3, with 55.5% in the age group 30 to 39 years. Of these 95 (86.4%) were married, 58 (52.7%) were from the West region, 76 (69.1%) were employed. Past history was dominated by mumps 40 (36.4%), varicocele surgery 25 (22.7%), alcoholism 87 (79.1%) and smoking 15 (13.6%). A disorder of spermatogenesis was found in all our patients: 37 (33.6%) azoospermia, 27 (24.6%) asthenospermia and 26 (23.7%) oligospermia patients. Paraclinical evidence of chlamydia and gonococcal infections were found respectively in 38 (34.5%) and 14 (12.7%) patients, varicocele and testicular dystrophy respectively in 95 (86.4%) and 38 (34.5%) patients. Infertility was primary in 67 (60.9%) patients. Conclusion: Most patients with infertility were in their thirties, had risky social habits and comorbidities. An early start of health promotion activities, comorbidities prevention and early detection of spermogram abnormalities would make it possible to reduce the frequency of male infertility.

Treatment of Kidney Stones by Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Evaluation of the Results of the First Series of Our Experience in the Urology Department of the Idrissa Pouye General Hospital in Dakar

The principle of PCNL is the extraction through a nephrostomy channel of kidney stones which are defined as the presence of crystalline concretions in the kidneys. Objectives: The objective of this work was to study the epidemiological, clinical and paraclinical aspects of patients with renal lithiasis treated by PCNL and on the other hand the different technical aspects of PCNL. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study, conducted in the urology department of HOGIP, covering the period from January 2015 to January 2019. We studied the demographic and clinical aspects of patients presenting renal lithiasis;we also studied the technical aspects and treatment outcomes. Statistical significance was set for α = 0.05. Results: Our series covered 82 PCNLs performed during the study period. The average age was 45.95 years, the age group [40 - 49 years] was more affected. Our study involved 44 men and 38 women, a sex ratio of 1.15. At the clinic, atypical lumbar pain was more frequent in 45.83% of cases. On URO-CT, the calculations were located more at the pyelic level (31.2%) and lower caliceal (27.2%). The size of stones measured between 15 and 20 mm in 30.52%. The stone density was between 500 and 1000 HU in 47.54% of cases. Intraoperatively, the patients were placed in lateral decubitus in 41.46% of cases. Only one access to the kidney was necessary in 87.8% of cases. The lithoclast was used in 65.85% of cases. The overall success rate (stone free) in our series was 96%. The majority of cases, 41.44%, drainage were done by natural means (totally tubeless). The average duration was 92 minutes. The complications encountered in our experience concerned 10 cases, a rate of 12.19%. Conclusion: Urinary lithiasis is more and more frequent in our regions. The development of Endo-urology offers several therapeutic options. Thus, PCNL occupies an important place in the management of kidney stones.

Surgical Treatment of the Upper Urinary Tract Lithiasis at the Urology Department of the Hopital General Idrissa Pouye

Upper urinary tract lithiasis is a condition characterized by the presence of stones which is a stony concretion of crystallized substances in the kidney and/or ureter. Objective: The objective of this work is to study the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of upper urinary tract stones on the one hand, then to compare the different types of surgical treatments and their results. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study focusing on the surgical management of upper urinary tract stones, between January 2017 and December 2020, at the Urology department of the Hopital General Idrissa Pouye. Results: During the study period, 7.59% of surgical interventions performed were related to the treatment of upper urinary tract stones. Average age was 45.20 ± 16.4 years, the age group [41 - 60] years was more affected with 42.68%. A history of urolithiasis was present in 25.52% of cases. Lower back pain was present in 97.48% of cases. On URO-CT scan, the stone was located more at the level of the ureter (49.57%). The size between 10 to 15 mm was more frequent (30.96%) and the density greater than 1000 HU was more frequent (33.47%). The most used therapeutic procedure was ureteroscopy (52.08%), followed by PCNL (40.83%) and open surgery (7.08%). The success rate (stone free) was 93.68% for the URS, 89.36% for the PCNL. The length of hospital stay for open surgery was 6.76 ± 4.25, for PCNL 2.62 ± 2 days and for URS 1.75 ± 1.62 days. Postoperative complications were present in 23.52% for open surgery, 11.22% for PCNL and 8% for URS. Conclusion: Urolithiasis is constantly growing in our regions. Effective endourological treatment is increasingly replacing open surgery. However, global access to these new techniques in our regions is slow to be effective.

Transurethral resection of bladder tumor: A systematic review of simulator-based training courses and curricula

Objective:Transurethral resection of bladder tumor is one of the most common everyday urological procedures.This kind of surgery demands a set of skills that need training and experience.In this review,we aimed to investigate the current literature to find out if simulators,phantoms,and other training models could be used as a tool for teaching urologists.Methods:A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and the recommendations of the European Association of Urology guidelines for conducting systematic reviews.Fifteen out of 932 studies met our inclusion criteria and are presented in the current review.Results:The UroTrainer(Karl Storz GmbH,Tuttlingen,Germany),a virtual reality training simulator,achieved positive feedback and an excellent face and construct validity by the participants.The inspection of bladder mucosa,blood loss,tumor resection,and procedural time was improved after the training,especially for inexperienced urologists and medical students.The construct validity of UroSim®(VirtaMed,Zurich,Switzerland)was established.SIMBLA simulator(Samed GmbH,Dresden,Germany)was found to be a realistic and useful tool by experts and urologists with intermediate experience.The test objective competency model based on SIMBLA simulator could be used for evaluating urologists.The porcine model of the Asian Urological Surgery Training and Education Group also received positive feedback by the participants that tried it.The Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning Initiative Project had an extraordinary face and content validity,and 60%of participants would like to use the simulators in the future.The 5-day multimodal training curriculum“Boot Camp”in the United Kingdom achieved an increase of the level of confidence of the participants that lasted months after the project.Conclusion:Simulators and courses or curricula based on a simulator training could be a valuable learning tool for any surgeon,and there is no doubt that they should be a part of every urologist's technical education.

Clinical Presentation, Therapeutic Aspects and Results of Urogental Prolapse in Yaounde

Introduction: Urogenital prolapse is the descent of one or more elements of the abdominal-pelvic contents into the vaginal cavity. The anterior, middle and posterior anatomical compartments may be involved giving rise to several types of genital prolapse. However, there are various therapeutic modalities ranging from observational procedures to surgery. In Yaounde, urogenital prolapse appears to be a rare clinical entity, and its treatment has not been clearly stated. There is limited data about this subject in our context. Our aim was to study the clinical and therapeutic aspects of urogenital prolapse in Yaounde. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection at the Yaounde Gynaecological Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital (YGOPH) and the Yaounde Central Hospital (YCH) over a period of 05 months (from February 2022 to June 2022). All women aged ≥30 years and all women with documented urogenital prolapse admitted to the maternity and urology departments of these two health facilities were included. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) software version 23.0 and the data were reported as mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages. Results: A total of 50 patients were recruited;the mean age was 45.8 ± 17 years. The age range was from 21 to 72 years. Majority of the patients were aged more than 55 years (32%). Most of the patients attended primary education (48%). Forty percent of the patients were housewives. The majority of the patients were from West Cameroon (26%). The most common reason for consultation was pelvic heaviness (54%). The most prevalent clinical sign was cystocele (56%), followed by hysterocele (54%). According to the Baden Walker classification, one-third of the patients were classified as first degree (36%). More than half (58%) of patients had the condition located at the first stage. Surgery was performed in 68% of cases while 48% received medical treatment. The average length of inpatient stay was 7.9 ± 3.7 days and the average length of transurethral catheterization was 3.02 ± 2.9 days. Most patients had a good short-term outcome, and the main postoperative complications were infection (8.8%) and hemorrhage (5.9%). Conclusion: Urogenital prolapse is a rare condition in our population. Diagnosis is essentially clinical. Cystocele and hysterocele are the predominant clinical forms. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. Outcomes are satisfactory.

Urological Emergencies at the University Hospital of Brazzaville: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Aspects

Introduction: Urological emergencies play a significant role in the medical and surgical activity of a urology department. The objective of this study was to determine the hospital prevalence of urological emergencies at the University Hospital of Brazzaville (CHUB), identify the different pathologies requiring urgent care, and list the various therapeutic methods. Patients and methods: A retrospective study of patients admitted to the medical and surgical emergencies department of CHUB over a 5-year period. Patient records admitted and treated for a urological emergency were included. The variables studied were the frequency of urological emergencies, patient age at admission, gender, nature of the emergency, and various therapeutic options. Results: Urological emergencies accounted for 4.3% of all medical and surgical emergencies. The mean age was 57 ± 28 years with a range of 3 to 93 years. The male-to-female ratio was 7.1. The most common conditions were urinary retention (54.67%), hematuria (17.20%), and renal colic (8.13%). Therapeutically, surgical urinary drainage was dominated by cystostomy. Conclusion: Urological emergencies are infrequent at the University Hospital of Brazzaville. Their management is often delayed.

Meiotic transcriptional reprogramming mediated by cell-cell communications in humans and mice revealed by scATACseq and scRNA-seq

Meiosis is a highly complex process significantly influenced by transcriptional regulation.However,studies on the mechanisms that govern transcriptomic changes during meiosis,especially in prophase I,are limited.Here,we performed single-cell ATAC-seq of human testis tissues and observed reprogramming during the transition from zygotene to pachytene spermatocytes.This event,conserved in mice,involved the deactivation of genes associated with meiosis after reprogramming and the activation of those related to spermatogenesis before their functional onset.Furthermore,we identified 282 transcriptional regulators(TRs)that underwent activation or deactivation subsequent to this process.Evidence suggested that physical contact signals from Sertoli cells may regulate these TRs in spermatocytes,while secreted ENHO signals may alter metabolic patterns in these cells.Our results further indicated that defective transcriptional reprogramming may be associated with non-obstructive azoospermia(NOA).This study revealed the importance of both physical contact and secreted signals between Sertoli cells and germ cells in meiotic progression.

Management of Testicular Cancers in Brazzaville

Introduction: Testicular cancer accounts for 5% of urological tumors, predominantly affecting young men. The aim of our study was to report the diagnostic and evolutionary aspects of testicular cancer cases treated in our center. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study conducted over a 15-year period involving 12 patients treated for testicular cancer at the University Hospital of Brazzaville. Results: The median age was 31 years (range 11 to 49 years), with a median consultation delay of 10.6 months (range 3 to 27 months). Scrotal mass was the most common reason for consultation. Cancer was bilateral in two patients. Two patients were admitted with metastatic disease. Histopathological examination favored germ cell tumors in 7 cases, two cases of non-Hodgkin’s malignant lymphoma, and one case of epididymo-testicular adenocarcinoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy resulted in complete remission in patients with germ cell tumors. However, neoadjuvant chemotherapy was not effective in patients admitted with advanced-stage disease. Conclusion: Testicular cancer is a rare condition that is curable in the majority of cases, but its management is often complicated in our setting due to delayed diagnosis caused by taboos surrounding genital organ pathologies.

Anderson-Hines Open Pyeloplasty in the Treatment of Pyelo-Ureteral Junction Syndrome: Results from 36 Cases

Goal: To evaluate the results and complications of open pyeloplasty according to Anderson-Hynestechnic. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study from 2000 to 2014. The study included 36 cases of opening the ureteropyelic junction operated pit syndrome according to Anderson-Hynes technique. Results: Lumbotomy was used in all patients. A pelvic pyelolithotomy for lithiasis was performed in two patients (5.5%) and unwinding of a lower polar pedicle in 3 cases (8.3%). The average duration of response was 119 ± 15 min. The average length of hospital stay was 11.2 ± 3 days. Patients were followed for a mean of 10 months. Thirty-five patients were asymptomatic and in one case lower back pain persisted. IVU to 6 months showed a permeable junction in 97.2% of cases. Seven patients (19.4%) had short-term complications. Ureteropelvic stenosis was the only complication in the medium and long term in one case (2.8%). The success rate of the Pyeloplasty was 97.2%. Conclusion: The open pyeloplasty as Anderson-Hynes remains the treatment of choice in our context SJPU with great results. The indications tend to decrease in favor of laparoscopic pyeloplasty.

Current trend in the diagnosis and management of malignant pheochromocytoma:Clinical and prognostic factors

Pheochromocytomas are tumors arising from the chromaffin cell of the adrenal gland and paragangliomas as tumors from extra-adrenal sympathetic chromaffin cells.The combined yearly incidence of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma(PPGL)is approximately 0.8 per 100000 person/year.Malignant pheochromocytoma is defined only by the presence of metastasis,as there is no confirmatory histology or biomarkers.The most common metastatic sites of these chromaffin tumors are the lymph node,bone,lungs,and liver.This review focuses on relevant clinical and immunohistological factors that are predictive of malignant PPGL or metastasis and determinants of prognosis.Findings showed that the risk of malignant PPGL,along with disease survival,is closely associated with age,primary tumor size,gender,synchronous metastasis,and absence of surgical excision.Other essential biomarkers or immunohistology investigated were galectin-3,COX-2,nm-23,microRNA-210,ERBB-2 overexpression and succinate dehydrogenase subunit mutation,which were predictive of malignancy as well as disease prognosis.Curative resection is possible but most metastatic diseases are amenable to radiopharmaceuticals and chemotherapy due to late presentation.Other therapeutic options,like molecular-targeted therapy,are still undergoing clinical trials.

Varicocele and infertility: Role of pressure flow dynamics

Varicocele is prevalent in infertile individuals as well as in normal adolescents and adults.It has an increasing trend with growing age.Infertile individuals with varicocele,develop varying degrees of sperm abnormalities that range from mild to severe semen abnormalities,even azoospermia may develop.The main proposed features of these abnormalities are incompetence of one-way valves of the draining veins of testes,that allow backflow of blood into testes.This backflow produces abnormally high intra-testicular pressure and temperature,that has been confirmed by thermography and pressure estimation in various studies.Microsurgical varicocelectomy may reverse the pathologic effects on spermatogenesis in most patients,which points towards the cause and effect relationship of varicocele with testicular damage.We propose that the prolonged effect of gravity might or may not be the initiating factor for varicocele,as in our experience,around 1/4th of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients who had no varicocele before treatment,developed varicocele within 3 to 6 mo of treatment with gonadotropins.Occasionally varicocele is produced by"Nutcrackerphenomenon",which is compression of left renal vein between the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery.The deleterious effects of varicocele may develop slowly,causing delayed secondary infertility or rapidly,leading to azoospermia or individual may be spared of damage due to unknown factors that need further research.

Management of cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic:A comprehensive review

The novel 2019 corona virus disease also called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has caused a global pandemic and more than 2.5 million people have been affected globally with over 100000 deaths.The disease has caused an escalation in hospitalization with growing need for hospital beds and intensive care unit for severe cases.Recent evidence has shown that a significant proportion of cancer patients affected by the corona virus present with severe respiratory pneumonia-like illness with need for subsequent intensive care unit ventilation and higher mortality risk.This susceptibility may be due to the immunosuppressive state of patients with malignancy confounded by chemotherapy,immunotherapy and targeted therapy.Many solid tumors(lung cancer,pancreatic cancer)as well as hematological malignancies(leukemias)may require prompt diagnosis and treatment based on the disease aggression and progression.Many centers lack clear guideline on the management of cancer during the pandemic.The objective of this review is to synthesize the available literature and provide recommendations on the management of various soft tissue and hematological malignancies.The review will also assess the management guidelines for hospitalized cancer patients;cancer patients in the outpatient setting as well as available modalities for follow-up.

The optimal stent pusher position to achieve successful ureteral stent insertion under fluoroscopic guidance

Objective: To examine factors to predict the optimal stent pusher position when inserting ureteral stents under fluoroscopy.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 327 patients who underwent ureteral stent insertion. We considered the pubic bone as a useful anatomical landmark to insert ureteral stents under fluoroscopic guidance. Thus, we categorized patients into three groups (proximal, middle, and distal groups) according to the position of the radiopaque tip of the push catheter when inserting the ureteral stent. Success was defined as a completely curled ureteral stent tail. We compared stent insertion success rates among the three groups. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify the factors affecting stent insertion success.Results: In men, 36 (63.2%) cases were deemed successful in the proximal group compared with 40 (80.0%) cases in the middle group and 12 (20.7%) cases in the distal group (p<0.001). In women, 26 (45.6%) cases were deemed successful in the proximal group compared with 54 (98.2%) cases in the middle group and 38 (76.0%) cases in the distal group (p<0.001). With the multivariate analysis, the stent pusher position was the most significant factor influencing successful stent insertion (men: odds ratio 6.00, 95% confidence interval 2.66-13.51, p<0.001;women: odds ratio 37.80, 95% confidence interval 4.94-289.22, p<0.001).Conclusion: The position of the stent pusher affects stent insertion success. The middle of the pubic symphysis is the optimal position for the radiopaque tip of the pusher when inserting ureteral stents under fluoroscopic guidance.

Nephroblastoma in Adults about a Clinical Case

Nephroblastoma is the most common malignant renal tumor in children and is related to an abnormal proliferation of cells resembling those of the embryonic kidney (metanephroma), hence the terminology;embryonal tumor. These are tumors that remain and remain unstudied in Mali because they are common in adults in our context. Its annual incidence is estimated at approximately 1/10,000 births. Nephroblastoma is a rare or even exceptional tumor in adults. The clinical manifestation was a large swelling of the right hypochondrium;abdominal pain for a year;unquantified fever, hypertension, initial hematuria associated with burning during urination and anemia. The main clinical manifestation remained fever and abdominal pain. This renal tumor posed a diagnostic problem which was previously labeled as a mesenteric tumor in our general surgery department. The diagnosis was made by imaging: CT and magnetic resonance imaging. The treatment is multidisciplinary and combines chemotherapy, surgery with or without radiotherapy. The prognosis is poor due to late diagnosis and less effectiveness of chemotherapy compared to the child. Survival did not exceed a year and a half because the renal tumor in our patient was surgically overcome. We report a case of nephroblastoma in an 86-year-old patient with unfavorable histology (hematogenous metastases), operated on in the general surgery department and whose postoperative course was simple and who was referred to oncology for treatment.

Klingsor Syndrome: An Observation in a Patient with Schizophrenia

Background: Klingsor syndrome refers to genital self-mutilation in man following delusional religious beliefs. Later, Schweitzer proposed expanding the term to include all psychotic disorders, drug and alcohol abuse. Apart from the noted hemorrhagic emergency and difficult surgical operation, there is a psychosocial impact, sexual and urinary complications (stenosis, urethral fistula) which make this pathology complex. Aim: The Aim of this study is to describe the clinical case of Klingsor syndrome and evaluate its management in light of the literature. Case Presentation: We report a rare case of genital self-mutilation in a 35-year-old man, non-compliant schizophrenic, received 04 days after the trauma and whose treatment consisted of remodeling of the penis stump and follow-up by psychiatrists. Conclusion: Klingsor syndrome is a rare but serious phenomenon. Its management remains complex, but it must be early and multidisciplinary.

Long-term results of the surgical treatment of Peyronie＇s disease with Egydio＇s technique： a European multicentre study

The long-term outcomes of 157 patients affected by Peyronie＇s disease （PD） who underwent penile straightening with Egydio＇s technique between January 2004 and December 2008 are reported. Only patients with PD who were stable for at least 6-12 months prior to surgery were enrolled in this study. Preoperative assessment included a dynamic echo colour Doppler ultrasound scan to evaluate the degree of penile deformity and the peak systolic velocity in the cavernosal arteries and an assessment of erectile function with the administration of the International Index of Erectile Function 5 （IIEF-5） questionnaire. Stretched penile length was recorded pre- and postoperatively. Surgical complications, cosmesis and sexual function, patient satisfaction and postoperative erectile function were assessed postoperatively at 3 months, I year and 2 years, respectively. After a median follow-up period of 20 months （range： 12-24 months）, we found that mild residual curvature （12%） and glans hypoesthesia （3%） were the only causes of partial dissatisfaction. No rejection of the graft was observed. All patients recovered their ability to penetrate with no difficulty. In addition, an intraoperative average increase of 2.5 cm （range： 1.7-4.1 cm） in stretched penile length was recorded, with all patients engaging in penetrative sexual intercourse. In conclusion, this procedure represents a safe and reproducible technique for the correction of penile curvature resulting from PD and yields excellent cosmetic and functional results.

enoscrotal extramammary Paget＇s disease： surgical Iechniques and follow-up experiences with thirty patients

To report the surgical management, complications and prognosis of patients with penoscrotal extramammary Paget＇s disease （EMPD） at different clinical stages. Between 2003 and 2008, a total of 30 male patients with penoscrotal EMPD were enrolled and evaluated. All enrolled subjects received frozen biopsy-guided local wide resection and immediate reconstruction. Patients were followed every 3 months postoperatively. Among the 30 patients who accepted and underwent frozen biopsy-guided local wide resection treatment and reconstruction, two （6.7%） cases exhibited positive margins, verified by pathological examination, and underwent re-excision after surgery. The technique of primary closure or an adjacent flap was used in 10 （33.3%） cases, split-thickness skin grafts were used in 15 （50%）, and an anterolateral thigh perforator flap was used in five cases （16.7%）. The postoperative complications were acceptable. The mean follow-up time was 64.9__.29.6 months. Of all 30 cases, 22 patients （73.3%） survived with no evidence of recurrence, four patients （13.3%） exhibited local recurrence, two patients （6.7%） exhibited both local recurrence and distant metastasis and the remaining two patients （6.7%） exhibited distant metastasis. Five patients died from metastasis or cachexia. Current surgical techniques, including primary closure, adjacent flaps, split.thickness skin flaps and anterolateral thigh perforator flaps are able to reconstruct all types of defects with acceptable complications. Some patients with negative margins went on to exhibit local recurrence, potentially due to adnexal carcinoma or internal malignancy.

Endoscopic Internal Urethrotomy Outcomes in the Management of Male Urethral Strictures

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of stricture treatment using endoscopic internal urethrotomy in the male urethra. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study from 2012 to 2017 at the Urology and Andrology Department of the University Hospital in Brazzaville, Congo. Medical records of 30 patients who underwent endoscopic internal urethrotomy for urethral stricture were analyzed. We studied the following variables: frequency of urethral stricture, age of patient, onset, cause and location of urethral stricture, duration of bladder catheterization, duration of hospitalization, and postoperative complications. The treatment outcome was assessed after a follow-up of 2.6 years (extreme: 2 and 4 years). Outcomes were considered successful or good when the patients had a normal urine flow and an unobstructed urethra at the Retrograde Urethrogram (RUG). Results: The mean age was 47.5 ± 9.7 years (range: 17 to 83 years). Dysuria was the most common symptom reported. We found that urethral stricture was mostly caused by infectious diseases (20 patients). The urethral stricture was located at the membranous urethra in 4 patients, the bulbar urethra in 25 patients, and the penile urethra in 1 patient. The mean duration of the bladder catheterization was 2.3 days. Hospitalization duration was 36 hours. We observed the following complications: urethrorrhagia in 3 patients, acute orchiepididymitis. We achieved good results in 23 patients. Conclusion: In our context where the practice of endoscopic internal urethrotomy is recent, it provides satisfactory results for the treatment of short urethral male stricture.

Iatrogenic Lesions of the Ureter Following Obstetric or Gynaecological Surgery Managed at Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital: A Series of 14 Cases

Objective: To describe the aetiology, clinical presentation, management and outcomes of a series of patients with iatrogenic lesions of the ureter following obstetric or gynaecological surgery treated at Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Methods: This is a case series looking at 14 consecutive patients from 1 January 2011 to 28 February 2017, operated on for urological complications following obstetric and gynaecological surgery. Results: Our study focused on fourteen cases. The average age was 32.9 years (range 20 - 60 years). Thirteen were housewives. Eleven lived in rural areas. The aetiological factor was Caesarian section in seven cases, laparotomy in four cases and hysterectomy in three cases. The type of ureteral injury was bilateral ligation in nine cases. The average time to diagnosis was 16 days (range 2 - 120 days). Anuria was the commonest presenting symptom. Ultrasound in ten patients showed evidence of uretero-hydronephrosis. Eight patients required renal dialysis. Surgical management was uretero-vesical re-implantation in eleven cases, disunion of sutures associated with catheterization in two cases and a termino-terminal ureteral anastomosis in one case. The average hospital stay was 26 days (range 9 - 44 days). The post-operative period was complicated by two cases of vesico-vaginal fistula, one case of parietal suppuration, one case of pyelonephritis and one case of hydronephrosis. No deaths were recorded and a complete cure was ultimately obtained in all patients. Conclusion: Urological complications of obstetric and gynaecological surgery are dominated by ligation of the ureters in our setting. Caesarian section is the commonest cause. Treatment is essentially surgical.