C-glycosyl flavonoid orientin alleviates learning and memory impairment by radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation in mice via improving antioxidant defence mechanism

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant efficacy of oral orientin on 900 MHz radiofrequencyelectromagnetic radiation-induced oxidative stress in mice.Methods: The mice were randomly allotted into 5 groups consisting of 7 mice each. The deionised water and radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations(RF-EMR) groups were administered with deionised water while orientin was administered to the RF-EMR + low dose of orientin group(10 mg/kg), RF-EMR + high dose of orientin group(20 mg/kg) and high dose of orientin group(20 mg/kg). All the groups except deionised water and high dose groups were exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation for 28 consecutive days(1 h/day). Learning and memory was assessed via the step-down inhibitory avoidance task. Activities of lipid prexidation and antioxidant enzymes were measured using kits.Results: Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation caused impairment in learning and memory and reduced activities of brain antioxidant enzymes, increased lipoperoxidation and corticosterone concentration as well as histopathological aberrations in the hippocampal tissues. Conversely, orientin alleviated learning and memory deficit, improved the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and mitigated brain lipoperoxidation and neuronal degeneration in mice exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Conclusions: Orientin alleviates learning and memory impairment due to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation in mice by improving antioxidant defence mechanism and may be considered as a promising therapeutic agent for improving the antioxidant system of people living in radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-prone environment.

Therapeutic effects of Byrsocarpus coccineus root bark extract on bacterially and chemically induced diarrhea in the Wistar albino rat(Rattus norvegicus domestica)

Background : Diarrhea can be caused by pathogenic microorganisms and chemicals. In view of this, Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum and Thonn(Connaraceae) was used to treat diarrhea induced by castor oil or bacteria in Wistar albino rats. Methods : Qualitative and quantitative analyses of an aqueous root back extract of B. coccineus were made and the acute toxicity, antidiarrhea properties, and in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of the extract were investigated in rats. Results : The phytochemical analysis of the root bark extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloid, saponins, tannins, and phenols. The quantitative analysis showed that saponins formed 10.6% of the extract, tannins 7.6%, flavonoids 6.2%, phenol 5.8% and alkaloids 4.4%. A dose limit of 5000 mg/kg was safe to use in the rats. At a dose of 100 mg/kg, the extract decreased distance travelled by activated charcoal in the gastrointestinal tract, frequency of defecation, and number of unformed faeces caused by castor oil-induced diarrhea, and led to 74.96% inhibition of the diarrhea effects. Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum were susceptible to higher concentrations of the extract with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.3125 mg/m L. E. coli-infected rats showed depression, weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, and weakness, which was ameliorated by the extract on day 2 post treatment. Observed congestion, cellular infiltration and necrosis of the liver, intestine and kidney following infection were improved by the extract. Conclusion : B. coccineus extract can be used in the treatment of anaemia, and castor oil-and E. coli-induced diarrhea in rats.

Development of an analytical method for multi-residue quantification of 18 anthelmintics in various animal-based food products using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

In this study,we developed a simple screening procedure for the determination of 18 anthelmintics(including benzimidazoles,macrocyclic lactones,salicylanilides,substituted phenols,tetrahydropyrimidines,and imidazothiazoles)in five animal-derived food matrices(chicken muscle,pork,beef,milk,and egg)using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Analytes were extracted using acetonitrile/1% acetic acid(milk and egg)and acetonitrile/1% acetic acid with 0.5 mL of distilled water(chicken muscle,pork,and beef),and purified using saturated n-hexane/acetonitrile.A reversed-phase analytical column and a mobile phase consisting of(A)10 mM ammonium formate in distilled water and(B)methanol were used to achieve optimal chromatographic separation.Matrix-matched standard calibration curves(R^(2)≥0.9752)were obtained for concentration equivalent to ×1/2,×1,×2,×3,×4,and×5 fold the maximum residue limit(MRL)stipulated by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety.Recoveries of 61.2e118.4%,with relative standard deviations(RSDs)of ≤19.9%(intraday and interday),were obtained for each sample at three spiking concentrations(×1/2,×1,and ×2 the MRL values).Limits of detection,limits of quantification,and matrix effects were 0.02e5.5 mg/kg,0.06e10 mg/kg,and -98.8 to 13.9%(at 20 μg/kg),respectively.In five samples of each food matrix(chicken muscle,pork,beef,milk,and egg)purchased from large retailers in Seoul that were tested,none of the target analytes were detected.It has therefore been shown that this protocol is adaptable,accurate,and precise for the quantification of anthelmintic residues in foods of animal origin.

The Development of A Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Aflatoxin Detection

A fluorescence polarization immunoassay （FPIA） was developed for the analysis ofaflatoxins （AFs） using an anti-aflatoxin B1 （AFB1） monoclonal antibody and a novel fluorescein-labeled AFB1 tracer. The FPIA showed an IC50 value of 23.33 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 13.12 ng/mL for AFB1. The cross-reactivities of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, and AFM2 with the antibody were 100%, 65.7%, 143%, 23.5%, 111.4%, and 2%, respectively. The group-specificity of anti-AFB1mAb indicated that the FPIA could potentially be used in a screening method for the detection of total AFs, albeit not AFG2 and AFM2. The total time required for analyzing 96 samples in one microplate was less than 5 rain. This study demonstrates the potential usefulness of the FPIA as a rapid and simple technique for monitoring AFs.

Development of a Rapid Multi-residue Assay for Detecting β-lactams Using Penicillin Binding Protein 2x

Objective To develop a rapid multi-residue assay for detecting 16 demanded by the European Union （EU）. Methods A recombinant penicillin-binding protein （PBP） 2x＊ from Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 was expressed in vitro and six β-1actams were conjugated to HRP by four methods. A rapid multi-residue assay for β-1actams was established with PBP2x＊ and HRP-conjugate. Results PBP2x＊ was expressed and purified successfully and the ideal HRP-conjugate was identified. The multi-residue assay was developed. After optimization, penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, cephalexin, ceftiofur, cefalonium, cefquinome, cefazolin, cefoperazone, cephacetrile, and cephapirin can be detected at levels below MRL in milk with simple pretreatment. Conclusion This assay developed can detect all 16 β-1actams demanded by the European Union （EU）. The whole procedure takes only 45 min and can detect 42 samples and the standards with duplicate analysis.

Hepatoprotective effects of Nigella sativa seed extract against acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress

Objective:To investigate the protective effects of Nigella sativa seed extract(NSSE) against acetaminophen(APAP)-induced hepaloloxicity in TIB-73 cells and rats.Methods:Toxicity in TIB-73 cells was induced with 10 μmol/L APAP and the protective effects of NSSE were evaluated at 25.50.75,100 μg/mL.For in rim examination,a total of 30 rals were equally divided into five experimental groups:normal control(vehicle),APAP(800 mg/kg body weight single IP injection) as a hepatotoxic control,and three APAP and NS pretreated(2 weeks) groups(APAP+NSSE 100 mg:APAP+NSSE 300 mg and APAP+NSSK 900 mg/kg).Results:TIB-73 cell viability was drastically decreased by(49.0±l.9)%after the 10 μmol/L APAP treatment,which also increased reactive oxygen species production.Co-treatment with NSSE at 25.50.75,and 100 μg/mL significantly improved cell viability and suppressed reactive oxygen species generation.In viro the APAP induced alterations in blood lactate levels,pH,anionic gap,and ion levels(HCO_3^-,Mg^(2+) and K^+),which tended to normalize with the NSSE pretreatment.The NSSE also significantly decreased elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,lactate dehydrogenase,and alkaline phosphatase induced by APAP,which correlated with decreased levels of hepatic lipid peroxidation(nialondialdehyde),increased superoxide dismutase levels,and reduced glutathione concentrations.Improved hepatic histology was also found in the treatment groups other than APAP group.Conclusions:The in vitro and in vim findings of this study demonstrated that the NSSE has protective effects against APAP-induced hepalotoxicity and metabolic disturbances by improving antioxidant activities and suppressing both lipid peroxidation and ROS generation.

Development of An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Determination of the Furaltadone Etabolite,3-Amino-5-Morpholinomethyl-2-Oxazolidinone(AMOZ) in Animal Tissues

Objective To determine 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone （AMOZ） residues released from protein bound AMOZ in animal tissues. Methods Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were produced in this study. A rapid, sensitive, and specific competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （cdELISA） was developed. Results Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were used in the optimized cdELISA method, and exhibited negligible cross-reactivity with other compounds structurally related to AMOZ. The IC50 of the polycional antibody was 0.16 ng/mL The method limit of detection in four different types of animal and fish tissues was less than 0.06 μg/kg. Recoveries ranged from 80% to 220% for fortified samples with the coefficient of variation values less than 15%. The results of the cdELISA method were in good agreement with the results from an established liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry confirmatory method used for AMOZ residues. Conclusion The cdELISA method developed in the present study is a convenient practical tool for screening large numbers of animal and fish tissue samples for the the detection of released protein bound AMOZ residues.

Methanol extract of Tephrosia vogelii leaves potentiates the contractile action of acetylcholine on isolated rabbit jejunum

Objective:To investigate the modulating role of methanol extract of Tephrosia vogelii leaves on acetylcholine(ACh)-induced contraction of isolated rabbit jejunum.Methods: Rabbit jejunum segment was removed and placed in an organ bath containing Tyrode's solution, and its contractions were recorded isometrically.Results: ACh(2.0 × 10-10 g/m L) and the extract(2.0 × 10-4 g/m L) individually increased the frequency of contraction(mean ± SEM) of the isolated smooth muscle tissue by 47.6% ± 9.5% and 77.8% ± 66.5%, respectively. When ACh and the extract were combined, the frequency of contraction of the tissue was increased by 222.2% ± 25.9%, representing a 366.7% increase(P < 0.001) over the effect of ACh alone. Similarly, ACh(2.0 × 10-9 g/m L) and the extract individually increased significantly(P < 0.001) the amplitude of contraction of the tissue by 685.7% ± 61.1% and 455.2% ± 38.1%, respectively. When ACh and the extract were combined, the amplitude of contraction of the tissue rose by 1263.8% ± 69.0%, representing 84.3% increase over the ef ect of ACh alone. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that methanol extract of Tephrosia vogelii leaves potentiates the contractile ef ect of ACh on intestinal smooth muscle, supporting the traditional claim that the plant is purgative.

Rational hapten design and establishment of broad-spectrum indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for benzimidazoles monitoring in milk

Objectives Benzimidazoles(BZs)are commonly used for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminth infections in veterinary clinics;however,misuse and overdosing of BZs will cause residual problems and have the potential to damage human health through the food chain.Thus,the existence of BZs in foods needs more attention.This study aims to establish a broad-spectrum immunoassay for rapid detection and to simultaneously monitor BZs in milk.Materials and Methods Based on structure analysis,a‘zero epitope loss’strategy,which introduced a spacer arm into the imino group of the imidazole ring of albendazole,was first adopted for hapten modification to obtain an ultra-sensitive and broad-spectrum antibody.An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(icELISA)was established for the detection of 18 BZs in milk sample with a single-step pretreatment.A quantitative structure–activity relationship model was constructed to interpret and predict the recognition.Results The antibody could recognize 20 BZs and the half-inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.054 to 417.58 ng/mL,the limits of detection of icELISA ranged from 0.4 to 89.4 ng/mL,and the mean recovery rates ranged from 76.49%to 120.40%,with a coefficient of variation<20%.Substituent R1 of BZs was considered to be the main influencing factor for recognition,and the comparative molecular field analysis model(q2=0.724,r2=0.998)was finally chosen for further prediction.Conclusions The results indicated that the established icELISA could simultaneously identify 18 BZs,with good accuracy and precision,which was suitable for rapid detection of BZs in milk.

Review of pharmacologic and immunologic agents in the management of COVID-19

The novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is the third coronavirus outbreak in the last two decades.Emerging and re-emerging infections like COVID-19 pose serious challenges of the paucity of information and lack of specific cure or vaccines.This leaves utilisation of existing scientific data on related viral infections and repurposing relevant aetiologic and supportive therapies as the best control approach while novel strategies are developed and trialled.Many promising antiviral agents including lopinavir,ritonavir,remdesivir,umifenovir,darunavir,and oseltamivir have been repurposed and are currently trialled for the care for COVID-19 patients.Adjunct therapies for the management of symptoms and to provide support especially in severe and critically ill patients have also been identified.This review provides an appraisal of the current evidence for the rational use of frontline therapeutics in the management of COVID-19.It also includes updates regarding COVID-19 immunotherapy and vaccine development.

Experimental assessment of arsenic toxicity in garole sheep in India

Arsenic,a dangerous bio-accumulative poison,is a grave threat affecting a large number of people as well as animals throughout theWorld,particularly in Bangladesh and West Bengal,India.It is also a matter of concern as continuously entering into food chain through biotic and abiotic products.The present study was conducted to evaluate the experimental effect of arsenic toxicosis on Garole sheep of West Bengal.One group was subjected to oral arsenic exposure@6.6 mg Kg
1 over 133 days when rests considered as negative control.Periodical arsenic estimation in wool,urine and feces along with hemato-biochemical alteration were checked thoroughly.It was evident from the study that long term arsenic exposure exerted a significant(p<0.01)alteration compared to normal animal which were further supported by clinical abnormalities.Exposed animals showed histological changes throughout major internal organs like coagulative necrosis of liver,tubular nephritis of kidney and acanthosis of skin etc.The bioaccumulative and excretion pattern of arsenic inside body were also well understood by the arsenic estimation study of wool,urine and feces which may be helpful for discussion regarding arsenic entry into food chain via animals.