The Three-toed Woodpecker subspecies Picoides tridactylus funebris is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet plateau in China. No part of its life history was ever reported since its discovery in 1870. To close this gap, we obs...The Three-toed Woodpecker subspecies Picoides tridactylus funebris is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet plateau in China. No part of its life history was ever reported since its discovery in 1870. To close this gap, we observed foraging behavior of a pair between April and August 2007. A total of 117 observations (28 for male and 89 for female) were obtained by following the birds within their home-ranges using radio-tracking. P. t. funebris preferred foraging on live spruces and snags bigger than available with an average diameter of breast height (DBH) of 32.7 ± 9.2 cm. The most frequent foraging technique was pecking (39.8% of foraging time) and peeling (13.2%). Moreover, sap-sucking was observed more often in P. t. funebris than in P. t. alpinus, suggesting that P. t. funebris was more dependent on the tree sap than the other subspecies. We found distinct niche partitioning between the sexes with respect to use of three out of four investigated parameters of the foraging substrates. These differences were likely related to sexual dimorphism pronounced by slightly larger bill of the male. We concluded that the subspecies P. t. funebris displayed foraging behavior which was very similar to that of other subspecies of the Three-toed Woodpecker.展开更多
Fire severity classifications determine fire damage and regeneration potential in post-fire areas for effective implementation of restoration applications.Since fire damage varies according to vegetation and fire char...Fire severity classifications determine fire damage and regeneration potential in post-fire areas for effective implementation of restoration applications.Since fire damage varies according to vegetation and fire characteristics,regional assessment of fire severity is crucial.The objectives of this study were:(1)to test the performance of different satellite imagery and spectral indices,and two field—measured severity indices,CBI(Composite Burn Index)and GeoCBI(Geometrically structured Composite Burn Index)to assess fire severity;(2)to calculate classification thresholds for spectral indices that performed best in the study areas;and(3)to generate fire severity maps that could be used to determine the ecological impact of forest fires.Five large fires in Pinus brutia(Turkish pine)and Pinus nigra subsp.pallasiana var.pallasiana(Anatolian black pine)—dominated forests during 2020 and 2021 were selected as study sites.The results show that GeoCBI provided more reliable estimates of field—measured fire severity than CBI.While Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8/OLI images performed similarly well,MODIS performed poorly.Fire severity classification thresholds were determined for Sentinel-2 based RdNBR,dNBR,dSAVI,dNDVI,and dNDMI and Landsat-8/OLI based dNBR,dNDVI,and dSAVI.Among several spectral indices,the highest accuracy for fire severity classification was found for Sentinel-2 based RdNBR(72.1%)and Landsat-8/OLI based dNBR(69.2%).The results can be used to assess and map fire severity in forest ecosystems similar to those in this study.展开更多
Anatolian wild sheep is still exists only in Konya-Bozdag Wildlife Development Area in the world. Because of the ongoing illegal hunting, habitat destruction, etc. starting in 1966, only a herd consisting of 35 indivi...Anatolian wild sheep is still exists only in Konya-Bozdag Wildlife Development Area in the world. Because of the ongoing illegal hunting, habitat destruction, etc. starting in 1966, only a herd consisting of 35 individuals survived. Thereupon, in the same year, 42,000 ha of fieldshad were declared as a protected areaby the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Following this period, the number has increased to 2,000 in 2005. In the studied area, due to the increasingly exceeded carrying capacity of the land, wild sheep tended to lower the nutritional value of plants. Malnutrition, illnesses, stress, etc. led to death, and population size decreased to 600. Based on this information, there are two main ways to make deteriorated habitat structure suitable for accommodation, growth and proliferation of Anatolian wild sheep individuals. The firstone is about carrying individuals to other natural areas, and the latter is the restoration work in this area. Restoration work on the outside to add nutrients to the living environment （artificial feeding） and arranging habitat work are implemented. Depending on the type of habitat restoration work, restoration on the entire area, plot-plot restoration and radiating from the center to the environment restoration form can be made.展开更多
This study was conducted to explain the karyological characteristics of S.xanthoprymnus from Gencali in Turkey.The chromosomes of the specimens were traditionally stained and examined according to standard procedures....This study was conducted to explain the karyological characteristics of S.xanthoprymnus from Gencali in Turkey.The chromosomes of the specimens were traditionally stained and examined according to standard procedures.The chromosomes were determined according to centromere positions by examining the photographs of metaphase cells.The karyotype of S.xanthoprymnus contained 42 chromosomes(2n=42)and fundamental number of chromosomal arms NF=81 and the number of autosomal arms NFa=78.The karyotype includes four metacentric chromosomes ranging from large to small,three pairs of large and medium-sized submetacentric autosome,twelve ranging from large to medium size subtelocentric,and a pair of acrocentric autosomes.The X chromosome was determined as large subtelocentric and Y chromosome as small acrocentric.Due to there is no karyological information and geographical distribution of existentence cytotypes in Turkey,revelation of chromosomal structure in Anatolian ground squirrel populations will provide properly assessment of taxonomy of those rodents in further studies.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (30620130110)the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘The Three-toed Woodpecker subspecies Picoides tridactylus funebris is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet plateau in China. No part of its life history was ever reported since its discovery in 1870. To close this gap, we observed foraging behavior of a pair between April and August 2007. A total of 117 observations (28 for male and 89 for female) were obtained by following the birds within their home-ranges using radio-tracking. P. t. funebris preferred foraging on live spruces and snags bigger than available with an average diameter of breast height (DBH) of 32.7 ± 9.2 cm. The most frequent foraging technique was pecking (39.8% of foraging time) and peeling (13.2%). Moreover, sap-sucking was observed more often in P. t. funebris than in P. t. alpinus, suggesting that P. t. funebris was more dependent on the tree sap than the other subspecies. We found distinct niche partitioning between the sexes with respect to use of three out of four investigated parameters of the foraging substrates. These differences were likely related to sexual dimorphism pronounced by slightly larger bill of the male. We concluded that the subspecies P. t. funebris displayed foraging behavior which was very similar to that of other subspecies of the Three-toed Woodpecker.
基金funded by the Turkish General Directorate of Forestry(project number:19.9402/2020-2023)。
文摘Fire severity classifications determine fire damage and regeneration potential in post-fire areas for effective implementation of restoration applications.Since fire damage varies according to vegetation and fire characteristics,regional assessment of fire severity is crucial.The objectives of this study were:(1)to test the performance of different satellite imagery and spectral indices,and two field—measured severity indices,CBI(Composite Burn Index)and GeoCBI(Geometrically structured Composite Burn Index)to assess fire severity;(2)to calculate classification thresholds for spectral indices that performed best in the study areas;and(3)to generate fire severity maps that could be used to determine the ecological impact of forest fires.Five large fires in Pinus brutia(Turkish pine)and Pinus nigra subsp.pallasiana var.pallasiana(Anatolian black pine)—dominated forests during 2020 and 2021 were selected as study sites.The results show that GeoCBI provided more reliable estimates of field—measured fire severity than CBI.While Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8/OLI images performed similarly well,MODIS performed poorly.Fire severity classification thresholds were determined for Sentinel-2 based RdNBR,dNBR,dSAVI,dNDVI,and dNDMI and Landsat-8/OLI based dNBR,dNDVI,and dSAVI.Among several spectral indices,the highest accuracy for fire severity classification was found for Sentinel-2 based RdNBR(72.1%)and Landsat-8/OLI based dNBR(69.2%).The results can be used to assess and map fire severity in forest ecosystems similar to those in this study.
文摘Anatolian wild sheep is still exists only in Konya-Bozdag Wildlife Development Area in the world. Because of the ongoing illegal hunting, habitat destruction, etc. starting in 1966, only a herd consisting of 35 individuals survived. Thereupon, in the same year, 42,000 ha of fieldshad were declared as a protected areaby the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Following this period, the number has increased to 2,000 in 2005. In the studied area, due to the increasingly exceeded carrying capacity of the land, wild sheep tended to lower the nutritional value of plants. Malnutrition, illnesses, stress, etc. led to death, and population size decreased to 600. Based on this information, there are two main ways to make deteriorated habitat structure suitable for accommodation, growth and proliferation of Anatolian wild sheep individuals. The firstone is about carrying individuals to other natural areas, and the latter is the restoration work in this area. Restoration work on the outside to add nutrients to the living environment （artificial feeding） and arranging habitat work are implemented. Depending on the type of habitat restoration work, restoration on the entire area, plot-plot restoration and radiating from the center to the environment restoration form can be made.
文摘This study was conducted to explain the karyological characteristics of S.xanthoprymnus from Gencali in Turkey.The chromosomes of the specimens were traditionally stained and examined according to standard procedures.The chromosomes were determined according to centromere positions by examining the photographs of metaphase cells.The karyotype of S.xanthoprymnus contained 42 chromosomes(2n=42)and fundamental number of chromosomal arms NF=81 and the number of autosomal arms NFa=78.The karyotype includes four metacentric chromosomes ranging from large to small,three pairs of large and medium-sized submetacentric autosome,twelve ranging from large to medium size subtelocentric,and a pair of acrocentric autosomes.The X chromosome was determined as large subtelocentric and Y chromosome as small acrocentric.Due to there is no karyological information and geographical distribution of existentence cytotypes in Turkey,revelation of chromosomal structure in Anatolian ground squirrel populations will provide properly assessment of taxonomy of those rodents in further studies.
