Molecular Detection of Tick-borne Pathogens in Ticks Collected from Hainan Island,China

Pathogens like bacteria and protozoa,which affect human and animal health worldwide,can be transmitted by vectors like ticks.To investigate the epidemiology and genetic diversity of bacteria and protozoans carried by ticks in Chengmai county of Hainan province,China,285 adult hard ticks belonging to two species[Rhipicephalus sanguineus(sensu lato):183,64.21%and Rhipicephalus microplus:102,35.79%]from dogs,cattle,and goats were collected.Microbial families were identified in these ticks by amplifying the 18 S r RNA,16 S r RNA(rrs),citrate synthase(glt A),and heat shock protein(gro EL)genes.Our data revealed the presence of four recognized species and two Candidatus spp.of Anaplasmataceae and Coxiellaceae.In sum,these data reveal an extensive diversity of Anaplasmataceae bacteria,Coxiellaceae bacteria,Babesiidae,and Hepatozoidae in ticks from Hainan Island,highlighting the need to understand the tickborne pathogen infection in local animals and humans.

Update on molecular diversity and multipathogenicity of staphylococcal superantigen toxins

Staphylococcal superantigen(SAg)toxins are the most notable virulence factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus,which is a pathogen associated with serious community and hospital acquired infections in humans and various diseases in animals.Recently,SAg toxins have become a superfamily with 29 types,including staphylococcal enterotoxins(SEs)with emetic activity,SE-like toxins(SEIs)that do not induce emesis in primate models or have yet not been tested,and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1(TSST-1).SEs and SEIs can be subdivided into classical types(SEA to SEE)and novel types(SEG to SEIY,SE01,SE02,SEI26 and SEI27).The genes of SAg toxins are located in diverse accessory genetic elements and share certain structural and biological properties.SAg toxins are heat-stable proteins that exhibit pyrogenicity,superantigenicity and capacity to induce lethal hypersensitivity to endotoxin in humans and animals.They have multiple pathogenicities that can interfere with normal immune function of host,increase the chances of survival and transmission of pathogenic baaeria in host,consequently contribute to the occurrence and development of various infeaions,persistent infeaions or food poisoning.This review focuses on the following aspeas of SAg toxins:(1)superfamily members of classic and novelty discovered staphylococcal SAgs;⑵diversity of gene locations and molecular structural characteristics;(3)biological characteristics and activities;(4)multi-pathogenicity of SAgs in animal and human diseases,including bovine mastitis,swine sepsis,abscesses and skin edema in pig,arthritis and septicemia in poultry,and nosocomial infections and food-borne diseases in humans.

Coagulase Gene Typing with Emphasis on Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococci: Emergence to Public Health

Emerging antimicrobial resistance among CNS is a concern in veterinary and human medicine. Coagulase test is considered as the key test to differentiate staphylococci to two groups, coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) and coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS). A total of 200?Staphylococci?strains were isolated with percentage 66.7% (200/300) from quarter milk samples. The total of?S. aureus?strains are 70 with percentage 35% (70/200). Among 70 strains of?S. aureus, 30 strains are coagulase positive?S. aureus?with percentage 43% (30/70) and coagulase negative?S. aureus?57% (40/70). CNS other than?S. aureus?was detected with percentage 65% (130/200) from subclinical mastitic cows. We examine sixty isolates of staphylococci recovered from subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle which divided as ten isolates of coagulase positive?S. aureus?(CP?S. aureus), ten isolates of coagulase negative?S. aureus(CN?S. aureus) and forty isolates of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) which identified using API-Staph Kits as?S. chromogenes,?S. simulans,?S. haemolyticus,?S. epidermidis?and?S. cohnii.?The genotypic detection of?coa?gene and?mecA gene was screened in CP?S. aureus, CN?S. aureus?and CNS.

Hepatitis C Virus Infection Caused by Infrequent Exposure in China Should Be of Concern

Dear Editor,Hepatitis C Virus(HCV)infection is a huge public health problem globally,because it can lead to adverse long-term clinical outcomes.In China,the population has experienced a skyrocketing growth of HCV infections because of paid blood donations in the late 1980s to early 1990s(Lu et al.2013;Yin et al.2015).