Dynamics of fundamental and double-pole breathers and solitons for a nonlinear Schrodinger equation with sextic operator under non-zero boundary conditions

We study the dynamics of fundamental and double-pole breathers and solitons for the focusing and defocusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation with the sextic operator under non-zero boundary conditions. Our analysis mainly focuses onthe dynamical properties of simple- and double-pole solutions. Firstly, through verification, we find that solutions undernon-zero boundary conditions can be transformed into solutions under zero boundary conditions, whether in simple-pole ordouble-pole cases. For the focusing case, in the investigation of simple-pole solutions, temporal periodic breather and thespatial-temporal periodic breather are obtained by modulating parameters. Additionally, in the case of multi-pole solitons,we analyze parallel-state solitons, bound-state solitons, and intersecting solitons, providing a brief analysis of their interactions.In the double-pole case, we observe that the two solitons undergo two interactions, resulting in a distinctive “triangle”crest. Furthermore, for the defocusing case, we briefly consider two situations of simple-pole solutions, obtaining one andtwo dark solitons.

Asymptotic analysis on bright solitons and breather solutions of a generalized higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation in an optical fiber or a planar waveguide

We study a generalized higher-order nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation in an optical fiber or a planar waveguide.We obtain the Lax pair and N-fold Darboux transformation(DT)with N being a positive integer.Based on Lax pair obtained by us,we derive the infinitely-many conservation laws.We give the bright one-,two-,and N-soliton solutions,and the first-,second-,and Nth-order breather solutions based on the N-fold DT.We conclude that the velocities of the bright solitons are influenced by the distributed gain function,g(z),and variable coefficients in equation,h1(z),p1(z),r1(z),and s1(z)via the asymptotic analysis,where z represents the propagation variable or spatial coordinate.We also graphically observe that:the velocities of the first-and second-order breathers will be affected by h1(z),p1(z),r1(z),and s1(z),and the background wave depends on g(z).

Effect of ambient oxygen pressure on structural, optical and electrical properties of SnO_2 thin films

PolycrystaUine SnO2 thin films were deposited on sapphire substrates at 450℃ under different ambient oxygen pressures by pulsed laser deposition technique. The effect of ambient oxygen pressure on the structural, optical and electrical properties of SnO2 thin films was studied. X-my diffraction and Hall measurements show that increasing the ambient oxygen pressure can improve crystallization of the films and decrease resistivity of the films. A violet emission peak centered at 409 nm was observed from photoluminescence measurements for SnO2 films under deposition ambient oxygen pressure above 5 Pa, which is related to the improvement of crystalline of the films.

First-Principles Study of Structural Stabilities, Electronic and Optical Properties of SrF2 under High Pressure

An investigation of structural stabilities, electronic and optical properties of SrF2 under high pressure is conducted using a first-principles calculation based on density functional theory （DFT） with the plane wave basis set as implemented in the CASTEP code. Our results predict that the second high-pressure phase of SrF2 is of a Ni2In- type structure, and demonstrate that the sequence of the pressure-induced phase transition of SrF2 is the fluorite structure （Fm3m） to the PbC12-type structure （Pnma）, and to the Ni2In-type phase （P63/mmc）. The first and second phase transition pressures are 5. 77 and 45.58 GPa, respectively. The energy gap increases initially with pressure in the Fm3m, and begins to decrease in the Pnma phases at 30 GPa. The band gap overlap metallization does not occur up to 210 GPa. The pressure effect on the optical properties is discussed.

The Impact of Relative Humidity and Atmospheric Pressure on Mortality in Guangzhou, China

Objective Although many studies have examined the effects of ambient temperatures on mortality, little evidence is on health impacts of atmospheric pressure and relative humidity. This study aimed to assess the impacts of atmospheric pressure and relative humidity on mortality in Guangzhou, China. Methods This study included 213,737 registered deaths during 2003-2011 in Guangzhou, China. A quasi-Poisson regression with a distributed lag non-linear model was used to assess the effects of atmospheric pressure/relative humidity. Results We found significant effect of low atmospheric pressure/relative humidity on mortality. There was a 1.79% （95% confidence interval： 0.38%-3.22%） increase in non-accidental mortality and a 2.27% （0.07%-4.51%） increase in cardiovascular mortality comparing the 5th and 25th percentile of atmospheric pressure. A 3.97% （0.67%-7.39%） increase in cardiovascular mortality was also observed comparing the 5th and 25th percentile of relative humidity. Women were more vulnerable to decrease in atmospheric pressure and relative humidity than men. Age and education attainment were also potential effect modifiers. Furthermore, low atmospheric pressure and relative humidity increased temperature-related mortality. Conclusion Both low atmospheric pressure and relative humidity are important risk factors of mortality. Our findings would be helpful to develop health risk assessment and climate policy interventions that would better protect vulnerable subgroups of the population.

Population Dynamics and Emission Spectrum of a Cascade Three-Level Jaynes-Cummings Model with Intensity-Dependent Coupling in a Kerr-like Medium

By using the method of eigenvectors, the atomic populations and emission spectrum are investigated in a system that consists of a cascade three-level atom resonantly interacting with a single-mode tield in a Kerr-like medium. The atom and the field are assumed to be initially in the upper atomic state and the Fock state, respectively. Results for models with intensity-dependent coupling and with intensity-independent coupling are compared. It is found that both population dynamics and emission spectrum show no indications of atom-field decoupling in the strong field limit if the intensity-dependent coupling is taken into account.

Comparisons of ZnO codoped by group IIIA elements (Al,Ga,In) and N:a first-principle study

The electronic structures and effective masses of the N mono-doped and Al N, Ga-N, In-N codoped ZnO system have been calculated by a first-principle method, and comparisons among different doping cases are made. According to the results, the impurity states in the codoping cases are more delocalised compared to the N mono-doping case, which means a better conductive behaviour can be obtained by codoping. Besides, compared to the Al-N and Ga-N codoping cases, the hole effective mass of In-N codoped system is much smaller, indicating the p-type conductivity can be more enhanced by In N codoping

The design and artificial realization of a controller of pulse coupling feedback

In this paper a controller of pulse coupling feedback （PCF） is designed to control chaotic systems. Control principles and the technique to select the feedback coefficients are introduced. This controller is theoretically studied with a three dimensional （3D） chaotic system. The artificial simulation results show that the chaotic system can be stabilized to different periodic orbits by using the PCF method, and the number of the periodic orbits are 2^n×3^m p （n and m are integers）. Therefore, this control method is effective and practical.

Preparation of Sn nano-film by direct current magnetron sputtering and its performance as anode of lithium ion battery

Sn thin film on Cu foil substrate as the anode of lithium ion battery was prepared by direct current magnetron sputtering(DCMS). The surface morphology,composition and thickness and the electrochemical behaviors of the prepared Sn thin film were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP),cyclic voltammetry(CV) and galvanostatic charge/ discharge(GC) measurements. It is found that the Sn film is consists of pure Sn with an average particle diameter of 100 nm. The thickness of the film is about 320 nm. The initial lithium insertion capacity of the Sn film is 771 mA·h/g. The reversible capacity of the film is 570 mA·h/g and kept at 270 mA·h/g after 20 cycles.

Asymptotic properties and expectation-maximization algorithm for maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters from Weibull-Logarithmic model

In this article, we consider a lifetime distribution, the Weibull-Logarithmic distri- bution introduced by [6]. We investigate some new statistical characterizations and properties. We develop the maximum likelihood inference using EM algorithm. Asymptotic properties of the MLEs are obtained and extensive simulations are conducted to assess the performance of parameter estimation. A numerical example is used to illustrate the application.

Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of ocean waves in the South China Sea during the boreal winter

The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the waves in the South China Sea （SCS） in the boreal winter during the period of 1979/1980-2011/2012 have been investigated based on the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts interim （ERA-Interim） reanalysis dataset. The results show that the lead- ing mode of significant wave height anomalies （SWHA） in the SCS exhibits significant interannual variation and a decadal shift around the mid-1990s, and features a basin-wide pattern in the entire SCS with a center located in the west of the Luzon Strait. The decadal change from a weak regime to a strong regime is mainly associated with the enhancement of winter monsoon modulated by the Pacific decadal oscillation （PDO）. The interannual variation of the SWHA has a significant negative correlation with the E1 Nino Southern Oscillation （ENSO） in the same season and the preceding autumn. For a better understanding of the physi- cal mechanism between the SCS ocean waves and ENSO, further investigation is made by analyzing atmo- spheric circulation. The impact of the ENSO on the SWHA over the SCS is bridged by the East Asian winter monsoon and Pacific-East Asian teleconnection in the lower troposphere. During the E1 Nino （La Nino）, the anomalous Philippine Sea anticyclone （cyclone） dominates over the Western North Pacific, helps to weaken （enhance） East Asian winter monsoon and then emerges the negative （positive） SWHA in the SCS.

Dynamic Analysis of the Smooth-and-Discontinuous Oscillator under Constant Excitation

The effects of constant excitation on the recently proposed smooth-and-discontinuous(SD)oscillator are investigated,which may lead to the variation of equilibrium and the property of phase portrait.By solving a quartic algebraic equation,the transition set and bifurcation for SD oscillator under constant excitation(CSD)are presented,while the number of equilibria depends on the values of the smoothness parameter and the constant excitation.Complicated structures of Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser(KAM)structures on the Poincarésection are depicted for the driven system without dissipation.Chaotic behaviour is also demonstrated numerically for the system perturbed by both viscous-damping and external excitation.The results show that CSD is an unsymmetrical system that displays different dynamical behaviours from an SD oscillator and will enrich the range of the SD oscillator in research and application.

Classical Communication and Entanglement Cost in Preparing a Class of Multi-qubit States

Recently, several similar protocols [J. Opt. B 4 （2002） 380; Phys. Lett. A 316 （2003） 159; Phys. Lett. A 355 （2006） 285; Phys. Lett. A 336 （2005） 317] for remotely preparing a class of multi-qubit states （i.e, α[0...0〉 ＋β[1... 1〉） were proposed, respectively. In this paper, by applying the controlled-not （CNOT） gate, a new simple protocol is proposed for remotely preparing such class of states. Compared to the previous protocols, both classical communication cost and required quantum entanglement in our protocol are remarkably reduced. Moreover, the difficulty of identifying some quantum states in our protocol is also degraded. Hence our protocol is more economical and feasible.

Global Exponential Projective Synchronization and Lag Synchronization of Hyperchaotic Lü System

This paper investigates the projective synchronization and lag synchronization of a new hyperchaotic system[Physica A 364(2006)103].On the basis of Lyapunov stability theory,two novel nonlinear controllers are respectivelydesigned to guarantee the global exponential projective synchronization(including complete synchronization and anti-synchronization)and lag synchronization.Finally,numerical simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the mainresults.

Effects of Annealing Temperature on Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Thin Films

The effects of annealing temperature on the structural and optical properties of ZnO films grown on Si （100） substrates by sol-gel spin-coating are investigated. The structural and optical properties are characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectra. X-ray diffraction analysis shows the crystal quality of ZnO films becomes better after annealing at high temperature. The grain size increases with the temperature increasing. It is found that the tensile stress in the plane of ZnO films first increases and then decreases with the annealing temperature increasing, reaching the maximum value of 1.8 GPa at 700℃. PL spectra of ZnO films annealed at various temperatures consists of a near band edge emission around 380 nm and visible emissions due to the electronic defects, which are related to deep level emissions, such as oxide antisite （OZn）, interstitial oxygen （Oi）, interstitial zinc （Zni） and zinc vacancy （VZn^-）, which are generated during annealing process. The evolution of defects is analyzed by PL spectra based on the energy of the electronic transitions.

Improved theory of generalized meteo-ballistic weighting factor functions and their use

It follows from the analysis of artillery fire errors that approximately two-thirds of the inaccuracy of indirect artillery fire is caused by inaccuracies in the determination of the meteo parameters included in fire error budget model.Trajectories calculated under non-standard conditions are considered to be perturbed.The tools utilized for the analysis of perturbed trajectories are weighting factor functions(WFFs)which are a special kind of sensitivity functions.WFFs are used for calculation of meteo ballistic elements B(ballistic wind w B,densityρB,virtual temperatureτB,pressure p B)as well.We have found that the existing theory of WFF calculation has several significant shortcomings.The aim of the article is to present a new,improved theory of generalized WFFs that eliminates the deficiencies found.Using this theory will improve methods for designing firing tables,fire control systems algorithms,and meteo message generation algorithms.

PERIODIC BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM AND CAUCHY PROBLEM OF THE GENERALIZED CUBIC DOUBLE DISPERSION EQUATION

In this article, the existence, uniqueness and regularities of the global generalized solution and global classical solution for the periodic boundary value problem and the Cauchy problem of the general cubic double dispersion equationutt - uxx - auxxtt ＋ bux4 - duxxt = f（u）xxare proved, and the sufficient conditions of blow-up of the solutions for the Cauchy problems in finite time are given.

Dirac Optical Potential of p-^14Be and Pronounced “Long-Tail” Shape

The Dirac optical potential for p-14Be elastic scattering is evaluated by the relativistic impulse approximation. Each of the real part and the imaginary part of the potential shows a pronounced "long tail" for the proton elastic scattering from halo nucleus 14Be compared with the potentials for proton scattering from its adjacent nuclei 12C and 16O, which do not have halo structures. This kind of "long tail" phenomenon suggests another signature for halo nuclei.

Laser shaping and optical power limiting of pulsed Laguerre–Gaussian laser beams of high-order radial modes in fullerene C60

We study the strong nonlinear optical dynamics of nanosecond pulsed Laguerre–Gaussian laser beams of high-order radial modes with zero orbital angular momentum propagating in the fullerene C60molecular medium. It is found that the spatiotemporal profile of the incident pulsed Laguerre–Gaussian laser beam is strongly reshaped during its propagation in the C60molecular medium. The centrosymmetric temporal profile of the incident pulse gradually evolves into a noncentrosymmetric meniscus shape, and the on-axis pulse duration is clearly depressed. Furthermore, the field intensity is distinctly attenuated due to the field-intensity-dependent reverse saturable absorption, and clear optical power limiting behavior is observed for different orders of the input pulsed Laguerre–Gaussian laser beams before the takeover of the saturation effect;the lower the order of the Laguerre–Gaussian beam, the lower the energy transmittance.

Double Elliptic Equation Expansion Approach and Novel Solutions of (2+1)-Dimensional Break Soliton Equation

In this paper, by means of double elliptic equation expansion approach, the novel double nonlinear wave solutions of the （2＋1）-dimensional break soliton equation are obtained. These double nonlinear wave solutions contain the double Jacobi elliptic function-like solutions, the double solitary wave-like solutions, and so on. The method is also powerful to some other nonlinear wave equations in （2＋1） dimensions.