超声评分评估瘢痕妊娠终止术预后的临床价值

目的探讨超声评分评估剖宫产瘢痕妊娠终止手术预后的临床价值。方法对2010年1月~2017年1月我院诊断53例剖宫产瘢痕妊娠资料进行回顾性分析,52例纳入本研究。根据超声图像指标特征进行赋分并分组:孕囊或包块位于子宫峡部,宫腔内无孕囊,评为1分;在此基础上合并孕囊或包块与肌层分界不清,加1分;孕囊或包块与肌层间显示丰富滋养细胞血流信号(与其周边正常子宫肌层血流信号对比,血流信号增多),加1分;孕囊或包块最大直径大于4cm,加1分。全部病例得分为1~4分,分为4组。比较各组患者术中出血量、住院时间、术中并发症、术后并发症。结果1分组20例,2分组14例,3分组11例,4分组7例。超声评分1分组的术中出血量、住院时间、术中并发症、术后并发症率分别为60.35±14.3 ml、3.05±0.51 d、0%、5%,超声评分2分组的术中出血量、住院时间、术中并发症、术后并发症率分别为104.71±56.87 ml、5.21±0.70 d、14.2%、14.2%,超声评分3分组的术中出血量、住院时间、术中并发症、术后并发症率分别为172.36±98.12 ml、5.91±0.70 d、27.3%、18.2%,超声评分4分组的术中出血量、住院时间、术中并发症、术后并发症率分别为248.14±194.8 ml、8.29±1.80 d、42.9%、28.6%。超声评分与CSP的术中出血量、住院时间、术中并发症发生率呈正相关,评分越高,术中出血量、住院时间越长,术中并发症发生率越高,各组间差异有显著性(P均<0.05)。结论超声诊断评分法能有效预测剖宫产瘢痕妊娠终止术治疗的相关指标,为剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的诊治提供参考。

Liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis:An ultrasonographic study

AIM: To select valuable ultrasonographic predictors for the evaluation of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis degree in chronic hepatitis, and to study the value of ultrasonography in the evaluation of liver fibrosis and compensated liver cirrhosis in comparison with serology and histology.METHODS: Forty-four ultrasonographic variables were analyzed and screened using color Doppler ultrasound system in 225 patients with chronic viral hepatitis and compensated liver cirrhosis. The valuable ultrasonographic predictors were selected on the basis of a comparison with histopathological findings. The value of ultrasonography and serology in the evaluation of liver fibrosis degree and the diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis was also studied and compared. Meanwhile, the influencing factors on ultrasonographic diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis were also analyzed.RESULTS: By statistical analysis, the maximum velocity of portal vein and the degree of gall-bladder wall smoothness were selected as the valuable predictors for the inflammation grade (G), while liver surface, hepatic parenchymal echo pattern, and the wall thickness of gall-bladder were selected as the valuable predictors for the fibrosis stage (S). Three S-related independent ultrasonographyic predictors and three routine serum fibrosis markers (HA, HPCIII and CIV) were used to discriminate variables for the comparison of ultrasonography with serology. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in moderate fibrosis was higher than that of serology (P<0.01), while there were no significant differences in the general diagnostic accuracy of fibrosis as well as between mild and severe fibrosis (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between ultrasonography and serology in the diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis.However, the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography was higher in inactive liver cirrhosis and lower in active cirrhosis than that of serology (both P<0.05). False positive and false negative results where found when the diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis was made by ultrasonography.CONCLUSION: There are different ultrasonographic predictors for the evaluation of hepatic inflammation grade and fibrosis stage of chronic hepatitis. Both ultrasonography and serology have their own advantages and disadvantages in the evaluation of liver fibrosis and compensated liver cirrhosis. Combined application of the two methods is hopeful to improve the diagnostic accuracy.

Effect of c-myc,Ki-67,MMP-2 and VEGF expression on prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing tumor resection

AIM: To explore the effect of c-myc, Ki-67, MMP-2 and VEGF expression on prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients undergoing tumor resection.METHODS: Primary HCC patients underwent tumor resection were retrospectively analysed. The maximum size of the tumor was less than 5 cm, there was only one nodule in each patient. No chemoembolization was performed before resection. They were followed up after resection, and the time of recurrence was recorded. They were divided into 2 groups: group A (15 cases): tumor recurrence within 1 year after tumor resection, and group B (15 cases):with or without tumor recurrence 2 years after tumor resection. Pathological slices were made with tumor waxsample. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed with c-myc, Ki-67, MMP-2 and VEGF monoclonal antibodies.Staining intensity was quantitatively analysed with a pathological diagram-writing analyzing system. The expressing intensity differences of stained molecules in cancer tissue and para-cancer were analysed.RESULTS: c-myc, Ki-67, MMP-2 and VEGF expressing intensities in cancer tissue in group A were higher than those in group B (Pvalues were 0.010, 0.030, 0.022 and 0.004, respectively), but they were not significantly different in para-cancer tissue in groups A and B (Pvalues were 0.334, 0.343, 0.334 and 0.334, respectively).CONCLUSION: The expression of c-myc, Ki-67, MMP-2 and VEGF in cancer tissue is related to the recurrence of HCC after tumor resection.

Long-term effect of stent placement in 115 patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome

AIM: To report the long-term effect of stent placement in 115 patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS).METHODS: One hundred and fifteen patients with BCS were treated by percutaneous stent placement. One hundred and two patients had IVC stent placement, 30 patients had HV stent placement, 17 of them underwent both IVC stent and HV stent. All the procedures were performed with guidance of ultrasound.RESULTS: The successful rates in placing IVC stent and HV stent were 94 % (96/102) and 87 % (26/30), respectively.Ninety-seven patients with 112 stents (90 IVC stents, 22 HV stents) were followed up. 96.7 %(87/90) IVC stents and 90.9 %(20/22) HV stents remained patent during follow up periods (mean 49 months, 45 months, respectively). Five of 112 stents in the 97 patients developed occlusion. Absence of anticoagulants after the procedure and types of obstruction (segmental and occlusive) before the procedure were related to a higher incidence of stent occlusion.CONCLUSION: Patients with BCS caused by short length obstruction can be treated by IVC stent placement, HV stent placement or both IVC and HV stent placement depending on the sites of obstruction. The long-term effect is satisfactory.Anticoagulants are strongly recommended after the procedure especially for BCS patients caused by segmental occlusion.

Downregulation of electroacupuncture at ST36 on TNF-α in rats with ulcerative colitis

AIM: To investigate the regulatory effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at Zusanli (ST36) on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC), and further elucidate the therapeutic mechanism of EA on UC.METHODS: Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=-8): normal control group, UC control group, UC+ST36 group and UC+nonacupoint group. A solution containing ethanol and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) was instilled into the distal colon in the rat (at a dose of 100 mg/kg) to set up UC rat model. Rats in wakefulness state of UC+ST36 group were stimulated at ST36 by EA once a day, while those of UC+nonacupoint group were done at 0.5 cm beside ST36. After 10d treatment, all rats were sacrificed simultaneously. Colon musocal inflammation and damage were assessed by measuring colon mass, morphologic damage score, colonic myeloperoxidase enzyme (MPO) activity, serum TNF-α and colonic TNF-α mRNA level. Morphologic damage score was examined under stereomicroscope. Colonic MPO activity was measured by spectrophotometer method. Serum TNF-αconcentration was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA).Colonic TNF-α mRNA expression level was analyzed by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).RESULTS: Ratio of colonic mass/body mass (mC/mB) and activity of colonic MPO (μkat/g tissue) markedly increased (8.5±2.6 vs 2.5±0.4; 145±25 vs 24±8, P＜0.01 vs normal control group). Compared with normal control rats, serum TNF-α and colonic TNF-α mRNA level in UC control group were increased 2.5 fold (2 278±170 vs 894±248, P＜0.01)and 4.3 fold (0.98±0.11 vs 0.23±0.11, P＜0.01)respectively. After EA at ST36, mc/mB and MPO activity were reduced significantly (5.3±2.0 vs 8.5±2.6; 104±36 vs145±25, P＜0.01, 0.05) compared with those of UC control group. Serum TNF-α and colonic TNF-α mRNA level were inhibited by EA stimulation at ST36 (P＜0.01). The inhibitory rate was 16 % and 44 % respectively.Morphologic damage score was also increased markedly in rat with UC (P＜0.01), whereas it was decreased by EA at ST36 (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference between UC control group and UC+EA at non-acupoint (P＞0.05). Furthermore, these parameters were highly correlated with each other (P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Serum TNF-α concentration and colonic TNF-α mRNA expression level are increased significantly in UC rats in correlation with the severity of disease. It indicates that TNF-α is closely involved in the immune abnormalities and inflammatory responses in UC. EA at ST36 has therapeutic effect on UC by downregulating serum TNF-r and colonic TNF-r mRNA expression. High levels of TNF-αand its corresponding mRNA expression seem to be implicated in the pathogenesis of UC.

Construction and clinical significance of a predictive system for prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: The aims of this study were to explore individualized treatment method for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)patients whose maximum tumor size was less than 5 cm to improve prognosis and survival quality. METHODS: Thirty cases of primary HCC patients undergoing tumor resection were retrospectively analyzed (resection group). All the tumors were proved as primary HCC with pathologic examination. The patients were divided into two groups according to follow-up results: group A, with tumor recurrence within 1 year after resection; group B, without tumor recurrence within 1 year. Immunohist ochemical stainings were performed using 11 kinds of monoclonal antibodies (AFP, c-erbB2, c-met, c-myc, HBsAg, HCV, Ki-67, MMP-2, nm23-H1, P53, and VEGF), and expressing intensities were quantitatively analyzed. Regression equation using factors affecting prognosis of HCC was constructed with binary logistic method. HCC patients undergoing percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy (PMCT) were also retrospectively analyzed (PMCT group). Immunohistochemical stainings of tumor biopsy samples were performed with molecules related to HCC prognosis, staining intensities were quantitatively analyzed, coincidence rate of prediction was calculated. RESULTS: In resection group, the expressing intensities of c-myc, Ki-67, MMP-2 and VEGF in cancer tissue in group A were significantly higher than those in group B (t = 2.97, P= 0.01; t= 2.42,P= 0.03＜0.05; t= 2.57,P= 0.02＜0.05;t = 3.43, P = 0.004＜0.01, respectively); the expressingintensities of 11 kinds of detected molecules in para-cancer tissue in groups A and B were not significantly different (P＞0.05). The regression equation predicting prognosis of HCC is as follows: P(1) = 1/[1+e-(3.663-0.412mycc-2.187Ki-67c-0.387vegfc)].It demonstrates that prognosis of HCC in resection group was related with c-myc, Ki-67 and VEGF expressing intensity in cancer tissue. In PMCT group, the expressing intensities of c-myc, Ki-67 and VEGF in cancer tissue in group A were significantly higher than those in group B (t= 4.57, P= 0.000＜0.01; t= 2.08, P= 0.04＜0.05;t = 2.38, ,P = 0.02＜0.05, respectively); the expressing intensities of c-myc, Ki-67 and VEGF in para-cancer tissue in groups A and B were not significantly different (P＞0.05). The coincidence rate of patients undergoing PMCT in group A was 88.00% (22/25), in group B 68.75% (11/16), the total coincidence rate was 80.49% (33/41). CONCLUSION: The regression equation is accurate and feasible and could be used for predicting prognosis of HCC, it helps to select treatment method (resection or PMCT) for HCC patients to realize individualized treatment to improve prognosis.

Differentiation between malignant and benign nodules in the liver: Use of contrast C^3-MODE technology

AIM: To investigate the value of contrast-enhanced C3-MODE technology in differentiating malignant nodules of liver from the benign ones.METHODS: Forty-six nodules in 36 patients (29 men and 7 women) were studied by contrast-enhanced C3-MODE technology and contrast-enhanced CT in 1 wk before the biopsy or operation. A Iow MI monitor and a high MI flash imaging were intermittently performed. After the injection of contrast agent, the period from 10 to 30 s and the time later than 100 s were respectively defined as early arterial phase and the late phase. The vascularities of the liver nodules in the two phases were combined for differential diagnosis. Corresponding to the pathological diagnosis,the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of contrastenhanced C3-MODE technology were compared to those of contrast-enhanced CT.RESULTS: By C3-MODE technology, 33 of the 46 liver nodules were demonstrated as defected area in the late phase and were diagnosed as malignant tumors. Of them,28 with hypervascularity in the early arterial phase were assessed as hepatocellular carcinoma, the other five nodules with rim-like enhancement in the early arterial phase were diagnosed as metastatic tumors. Thirteen nodules were shown as iso or hypervascularity in the late phase as well as centripetal filling in the early arterial phase and we made a diagnosis of hemangioma.Corresponding to the pathological results, the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of contrast-enhanced C3-MODE technology in differentiating malignant and benign nodules in the liver were 97.0%, 92.3% and 95.7%, respectively.With comparison to those of contrast CT (sensitivity,94.1%; specificity, 91.7%; accuracy, 93.5%), the difference was not significant.CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced C3-MODE technology can effectively differentiate malignant liver tumors from the benign nodules. It highly agrees diagnostically with the pathology. We suggest that it provides a new approach for differential diagnosis of liver nodules in addition to contrast-enhanced CT.

Grey scale enhancement of rabbit liver and kidney by intravenous injection of a new lipid-coated ultrasound contrast agent

AIM: To assess the grey scale enhancement of a new lipidcoated ultrasound contrast agent in solid abdominal organs as liver and kidney.METHODS: Size distribution and concentration of the lipidcoated contrast microbubbles were analyzed by a Coulter counter. Two-dimensional (2D) second harmonic imaging of the hepatic parenchyma, the inferior vena cava and the right kidney of the rabbits were acquired before and after contrast agent injection. Images were further quantified by histogram in Adobe Photoshop 6.0. Time-intensity curves of hepatic parenchyma, inferior vena cava and renal cortex were qenerated from the oriqinal qrev scale.RESULTS: The 2D images of hepatic parenchyma and cortex of the kidney were greatly enhanced after injection and the peak time could last more than 50 min.CONCLUSION: This new lipid ultrasound contrast agent could significantly enhance the grey scale imaging of the hepatic parenchyma and the renal cortex for more than 50 min.

Characterization of focal hepatic lesions with contrast-enhanced C-cube gray scale ultrasonography

AIM: To characterize enhancement patterns of focal hepatic lesions using C-cube gray scale sonography with a microbubble contrast agent and to evaluate its usefulness in differential diagnosis of hepatic lesions.METHODS: Fifty-four patients with 58 focal hepatic lesions were examined with Levovist-enhanced C-cube gray scale sonography. The final diagnosis of hepatic lesions was 29primary liver cancers, 4 metastases, 8 hemangiomas, 12focal nodular hyperplasias, 2 inflammatory pseudotumors of the liver and 3 angiomyolipomas. The initiation time of enhancement in various lesions and enhancement duration after administration of contrast agent were compared.Vascular findings in lesions were classified as peripheral enhancement, homogenous enhancement, mosaic enhancement and no enhancement depending on microbubble signals in the lesion relative to the liver parenchyma.RESULTS: The initiation time of enhancement in hemangioma (48±12 s) was significantly later compared to other lesions (P＜0.05). The enhancement duration of malignancies (69±33 s in primary liver cancer, 61±23 s in metastasis) was significantly shorter compared to benign lesions (P＜0.05).Intranodular enhancement appearing at arterial phase and decreasing at portal venous phase was considered characteristic for malignancy. Intranodular enhancement did not appear earlier than the liver parenchyma, and peripheral enhancement pattern was regarded as positive findings for hemangioma. Intranodular enhancement appeared in the arterial phase, and homogenous enhancement pattern sustained in the whole portal venous phase were regarded as positive findings for focal nodular hyperplasia. No microbubble signals appeared in two inflammatory pseudotumors of the liver.CONCLUSION: C-cube gray scale sonography can demonstrate dynamic intranodular enhancement in various focal hepatic lesions. The information provided by this methodology may be useful in the differential diagnosis of hepatic lesions.

Resistance index in differential diagnosis of liver lesions by color doppler ultrasonography

AIM: To investigate the specific value of resistance index (RI) in color Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of focal hepatic lesions. METHODS: Eight hundred patients with 893 hepatic solid lesions were studied with color Doppler flow imagimg (CDFI) and pulsed Doppler, induding 644 malignant cases (596 primary malignant liver tumors, and 48 metastatic liver tumors), 156 benign cases. All were confirmed by operation and pathology. RESULTS: The detection rate of arterial flow in malignant tumors was 92%, and 52% in benign lesions. Doppler spectrum analysis showed that the resistance index in primary malignant tumors was 0.75±0.12, 0.73±0.09 in metastatic tumors, and was below 0.6 in benign lesions. The difference was significant (P<0.001). This difference was related with its histopathologic structure. CONCLUSION: The arterial flow with RI≥0.6 identified by CDFI within the liver lesion can be regarded as a criterion of malignant tumors, RI<0.6 can be regarded as benign disorders. RI is useful in differential diagnosis of liver neoplasms.

K-ras gene mutation in the diagnosis of ultrasound guided fine-needle biopsy of pancreatic masses

AIM: To investigate the utility of K-ras mutation analysis ofultrasound guided fine-needle aspirate biopsy of pancreaticmasses.METHODS: Sixty-six ultrasound guided fine-needle biopsieswere evaluated by cytology, histology and k-ras mutation.The mutation at codon 12 of the k-ras oncogene wasdetected by artificial restriction fragment lengthpolymorphisms using Bst NI approach.RESULTS: The presence of malignant cells was reported in40 of 54 pancreatic carcinomas and K-ras mutations weredetected in 45 of the 54 FNABs of pancreatic carcinomas. Thesensitivity of cytology and k-ras mutation were 74 % and 83%, respectively. The speciality of cytology and k-ras mutationwere both 100 %. The sensitivity and speciality of k-ras mutationcombined with cytology were 83 % and 100 %, respectively.CONCLUSION: High diagnostic accuracy with acceptablediscomfort of FNAB make it useful in diagnosis of pancreaticcarcinoma. Ultrasound guided fine-needle biopsy is a safeand feasible method for diagnosing pancreatic cancer.Pancreatic carcinoma has the highest K-ras mutation rateamong all solid tumors. The mutation rate of k-ras is about80-100 %. The usage of mutation of codon 12 of k-rasoncogene combined with cytology is a good alternative forevaluation of pancreatic masses.

ASSESSMENT OF DIASTOLIC FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY BY DOPPLER TISSUE IMAGING

To determine the clinical application of pulsed Doppler tissue imaging in assessing the left ventricular diasto-lic function and in discriminating between normal subjects and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with various stages of diastolic dysfunction. Methods We measured the peak diastolic velocities of mitral annulus in 81 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with various stages of diastolic dysfunction and 50 normal volunteers by Doppler tissue imaging using the apical window at 2-ch-amber and long apical views, respectively. The myocardial velocities were determined with use of variance F statistical analysis. Results Early diastolic myocardial velocities of mitral annulus were higher in normal subjects than in patients with hy-pertrophic cardiomyopathy with either delayed relaxation, pseudonormal filling, or restrictive filling. However, peak myocar-dial velocities of mitral annulus during atrial contraction were similar in normal subjects and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Conclusion Doppler tissue imaging can directly reflect upon left diastolic ventricular function. Early phase of diastole was the best discriminator between control subjects and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

彩色多普勒超声在小儿感染性心内膜炎诊断中的价值

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声在小儿感染性心内膜炎诊断中的价值。方法：选择2011年至2015年在我院治疗的70例感染性心内膜炎患儿，采用彩色多普勒超声观察患儿心脏瓣膜形态、活动及瓣膜赘生物附着部位、大小、数量、形态、活动度、回声特点及瓣膜相应的血流动力学变化，心内有无缺损；同时进行血培养检查予以对照。结果：感染性心内膜炎病因中以先天性心脏病最常见为55.7%（39/70）。彩色多普勒超声诊断IE阳性率为91.4%（64/70），其中以主动脉瓣赘生物最常见为40.0%（28/70），二尖瓣赘生物占12.9%（9/70），主动脉瓣及二尖瓣均有赘生物占12.9%（9/70），三尖瓣赘生物占11.4%（8/70）。治疗后在主动脉瓣、二尖瓣、三尖瓣赘生物，主动脉瓣和二尖瓣均有赘生物上较治疗前明显下降，在瓣膜穿孔上也明显下降，治疗前后差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。血培养阳性率为87.1%（61/70），其中草绿色链球菌23例占32.9%（23/70），金黄色葡萄球菌18例占25.7%（18/70），草绿色链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌是目前感染性心内膜炎的主要病原体。结论：彩色多普勒超声能早期明确诊断感诊断染性心内膜炎，能直观判断预后情况，是诊断小儿感染性心内膜炎的首选方法。

Mutations of connexin43 in fetuses with congenital heart malformations

Background Gap junction channels formed by connexin43 (Cx43) protein are important in cardiac morphogenesis, and Cx43 gene is thought to be associated with congenital heart malformation (CHM). This study was undertaken to detect the mutations of Cx43 in fetuses with CHM.Methods Cx43 extron DNA was amplified by PCR from 16 fetuses with a variety of CHM. The PCR products were analyzed by SSCP and DNA sequencing. Thirty children who had no CHM were selected as controls. Results Eight homozygous mutations of Cx43 were observed in a fetus with double outlet right ventricule (DORV), five of the 8 mutations were missense mutations including Arg239Trp, Ser251Thr, Ala253Pro, Pro283Leu and Thr290Asn, and the remaining 3 were silent polymorphisms including Gly252Gly, Pro256Pro and Thr275Thr. No mutations were found in other fetuses and the control group.Conclusions Mutations of Cx43 may be associated with congenital conotruncal anomalies. PCR-SSCP is an effective method for screening the mutations of Cx43.

Autologous mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy

Recent studies have suggested benefits of mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCS) transplantation for the regeneration of cardiac tissue and function improvement of regionally infracted myocardium, but its effects on global heart failure is still little known. This study suggested the capacity of MSCs to transdifferentiate to cardiac cells in a nonischemic cardiomyopathic setting, and the effect of the cells on heart function.